基于生物湿法冶金的废旧印刷线路板金属资源化研究进展

随着科技的快速发展,电子产品数量的急剧增加及其使用周期的不断缩短,全球面临着前所未有的电子废物产生浪潮。一种数量巨大的典型电子废弃物-废旧印刷线路板如何实现绿色、低能耗的处理已成为当前电子废弃物处理中关键问题之一。利用微生物湿法冶金技术将废旧印刷线路板中金属浸出,制备高纯金属,已成为21世纪电子废物处理的前沿技术,同时电子废物的微生物湿法冶金机制探讨已成为近年来的研究热点。本文重点分析微生物湿法冶金处理废旧印刷线路板浸提过程中的微生物种类、影响浸提因素、微生物的浸出机制以及今后需要继续研究的问题。     

废旧车用动力锂离子电池的回收利用现状

论述了废旧车用动力锂离子电池的国内外回收利用现状,并鼓励相关企业进行梯级利用,当废旧动力锂离子电池不再适合梯级利用时,则进行回收处理。基于废旧动力锂离子电池正极涂层中的有价金属回收机理,将回收工艺归纳为物理化学法、化学法和生物法三大类,概括了现阶段我国汽车动力锂离子电池回收存在的一些问题和发展趋势。总体看来,动力锂离子电池的回收利用不仅能带来巨大的环境效益,同时也能产生显著的经济和社会效益。     

废弃电子线路板回收处理技术研究进展

随着中国废旧电器数量的增加,废弃的电子线路板（废弃PCB）也在逐年增加。废弃PCB中含有大量的贵金属,铅、镉、汞、六价铬、聚氯乙烯及卤化物阻燃剂等多种重金属和有毒有害物质,这些物质既是垃圾,同时也是资源。本文综述了废弃PCB回收利用的价值和国内外处理废弃PCB的主要技术以及研究进展,对几种典型处理废弃PCB的工艺作了介绍。废弃电子线路板回收处理技术主要包括三类：热处理法、化学处理法、机械物理处理法。采用这些技术和工艺处理废弃电子线路板,既可减轻重金属等的污染,又可回收大量的稀贵金属。     

超临界CO_2流体回收线路板的试验研究

超临界CO2流体技术被应用于废旧线路板的回收研究,利用高温高压回收装置对线路板进行了回收处理,采用质谱法分析了超临界CO2流体中的固体溶质。试验结果表明,线路板中的溴化环氧树脂在处理过程中发生了O-CH2键、C(苯基)-C键以及C(苯基)-Br键的断裂,从而将其分解为了以羟基和苯基为主要官能团的小分子量物质;由此阐明了超临界CO2流体回收线路板的机理,并指出了进一步研究超临界CO2流体回收废旧线路板的重点。     

贵屿的教训

当前,随着电子产品的更新换代,废旧电脑、电视机等电子“垃圾”在大量产生,却无任何好的回收渠道,肆意侵蚀着我们的环境。一段时间以来,广东省潮阳市贵屿镇因废旧电脑回收造成的环境污染问题,引起了社会各界的广泛关注,为我们拉响了环境污染防治的警钟。问题的由来回收利用废物是贵屿镇的传统产业。上个世纪80年代以前,当地农民便走街串巷回收羽毛、废铜铁、旧塑胶鞋,90年代开始回收拆解废旧五金电器,规模也逐年     

节能减排需要循环经济

循环经济的重点环节包括：资源开采环节要统筹规划矿产资源开发，推广先进适用的开采技术、工艺和设备，大力提高资源综合回收利用率；资源消耗环节要加强对冶金、有色、电力、煤炭、石化、化工、建材（筑）、轻工、纺织、农业等重点行业能源、原材料、水等资源消耗管理，努力降低消耗，提高资源利用率；废物产生环节要强化污染预防和全过程控制。加强对各类废物的循环利用，推进企业废物“零排放”：加快再生水利用设施建设以及城市垃圾、污泥减量化和资源化利用：再生资源产生环节要大力回收和循环利用各种废旧资源，支持废旧机电产品再制造；     

一种回收废旧印刷线路板中铜的工艺优化

文章简单介绍了国内外废旧印刷线路板(WPCBs)资源化处理技术,重点阐述了一种从废旧印刷线路板中回收金属铜的工艺优化及优化后所取得的环境经济效益。工艺优化后,经实际运行,可使印刷线路板粉渣中的金属含量减少至1%以下,整体上使铜的回收率从不到98%提高到99%以上,铜粉年产量增加8.38t;另外,在破碎环节,破碎每吨废旧印刷线路板的综合能耗由先前的129 k W·h降低到42 k W·h,年节省电耗214271.4 k W·h,获得了较好的环境经济效益。     

典型线路板回收过程排放颗粒物的主要成分和特征

分析了南方一典型废旧线路板回收作坊内的空气颗粒物(PM)样品的主要化学组成和特征.结果表明,作坊内的PM水平比较高,平均浓度为(1430±200.8)μg/m3,其组成与其他排放源完全不同.有机物(OM)占PM的46.7%~51.6%,主要的有机成分是有机磷酸酯类,包括磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和其甲基取代化合物、十六酸甲酯、十八酸甲酯、左旋葡聚糖和双酚A.元素碳(EC)对PM的贡献较小.此外,线路板回收过程还排放了大量重金属,尤其是Cd, Pb和Ni.研究结果表明粗放式的线路板回收工艺给当地环境造成了严重危害.     

一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的WEEE回收技术

文章以废旧电脑为例介绍了自主开发的一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的废旧电子电器产品(WEEE)的回收与再利用技术,详细讨论了该技术的四个关键单元:阴极射线管(CRT)回收,电路板拆解,印刷线路板(PCB)回收和元器件可再利用性测试。该技术通过环境友好的材料回收工艺和电路板的自动化无损拆解可实现最大的材料和元器件回收率,从而实现较高的WEEE回收收益。     

从废旧锌锰电池中回收汞和铵的工艺研究

针对废旧锌锰电池中汞分散存在给回收处理废旧锌锰电池工作完全回收汞所带来的困难 ,利用汞和铵的性质特点 ,找到了从废旧锌锰电池中集中回收汞和铵的工艺条件 ,为废旧锌锰电池的资源化和防止二次污染创造了有利条件。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.