大气环境监测中现场样品空白的重要性

在采集大气环境样品，特别是测定值很小的样品时，往往会出现空白值低于零浓度现象，采用现场空为进行校正可消除某些样品测定可能低于校准曲线零浓度的不合理现象。     

紫外分光光度法测定石油类的空白探讨

紫外分光光度法测定地表水中石油类时,发现每次的全程序空白试验值不同（以下简称空白值）。有时实验室的去离子水（蒸馏水）空白值比地面水测定值反而高,如果此时仍采取样品吸光度减去空白试验吸光度,计算含油量则会出现负值。故空白用水的质量直接影响样品测定结果,为此,必须保证水的纯度。经活性炭处理的水能减少空白试验值的波动性,提高样品测定的准确度。１　仪器和试剂７５２型分光光度计（上海第三分析仪器厂）,波长为２２５ｎｍ,１ｃｍ石英比色皿。无水硫酸钠：在３００℃下烘干１ｈ,冷却后装瓶备用。石油醚（光学纯）：沸…     

NOx测定应注意的几个问题

1察看样品体积 ,剔除有明显体积误差的样品 :如果 0 .3L/min流量采样 30 min,5ml装吸收液少于 4 .5ml;0 .2 L/min流量采样 1 8小时 ,50 ml吸收液少于 4 5ml;或者样品体积几乎没变化 ,则应查找采样或运输原因 ,证实误差存在者应于剔除。 2虽说避光、冷藏 ( 0℃～ 4℃ )可保存 1 5天 ,但仍应尽快测定为好。 3一定要带现场空白并与样品同时测定 ,当现场空白值与室内空白值相差较大且无解释依据 ,须扣除现场空白值。 4结果计算时应以比色测得 NO-2 含量除 0 .76转换系数 ,才是 NO2 的真实浓度 ,否则结果偏低。NO_x测定应注意的几个问题@刘方…     

凯氏氮测定中样品消解催化剂的改进

对凯氏氮测定中样品的消解催化剂进行了改进,提出了用硫酸－硫酸铜代替硫酸－硫酸汞消解样品。试验结果表明,2种方法测定结果基本相符,相对误差不超过8．7％,经t检验,2种方法空白吸光值无显著性差异。     

微波消解体系与聚四氟乙烯滤膜对PM2.5中重金属测定的影响

采用4种微波消解体系对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品进行消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中Cr、Mn、Cu、As、Cd 5种重金属元素含量,并计算其空白加标和样品加标回收率,建立了测定PTFE材质滤膜采集的PM2.5样品中重金属元素的最优微波消解体系。结果表明,4种消解体系下,空白加标回收率和样品加标回收率均处于合理范围,分别为95.3%~116.3%和93.3%~118.5%。其中,HNO3放置过夜+H2O2消解体系具有空白值低、测定稳定性强、操作简便、绿色环保、对人体健康危害小等优点,能够满足大批量PM2.5样品中重金属总量的快速、高效、准确分析的要求。     

微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定TSP中砷和汞

通过比较不同滤膜的透气效率和空白值来选择采样滤膜,探讨了不同消解方法的前处理效果,进行精密性、准确性及实际样品测试等条件实验,建立了微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定大气环境TSP中砷和汞的方法。结果表明,过氯乙烯滤膜透气性好,空白值低且稳定,微波消解能使样品消解更完全,精密度好,回收率高,尤其汞的损失少。     

铬酸钡光度法测定硫酸盐的改进

目前,测定硫酸盐的方法很多。清洁水样硫酸盐的测定大多采用铬酸钡光度法,在测定中是过滤定容再比色,对滤纸要求较高。尤其是定性滤纸,分析后数据相对误差较大。实践证明,即使同一类型滤纸也影响样品的测定,致使样品的空白吸光度稳定性差,吸光度值亦较高,增加了低...     

大气中硫化氢测定方法研究

对用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定大气中硫化氢的标准溶液、样品的稳定性、温度对试剂空白的影响等问题进行了一些研究。得出：硫化氢标准使用液用磁性锌氨络盐吸收液配制，冰箱保存至少可稳定２个月；温度对试剂空白值有影响，应根据不同显色温度，确定不同显色时间；绘制标准曲线和样品测定应用同一量器迅速加入显色剂，以提高其灵敏度。     

湖水总磷测定中样品预处理的探讨

通过对湖泊水总磷的测定,就如何使标准曲线和样品的预处理简便、快捷、省时等方面进行了探讨,结果表明,不消解与不同消解时间的空白值与标准曲线试验,经检验无显著性差异;用过硫酸钾法预处理,样品经１０～４０ｍｉｎ加热（１２０℃）消解测定,总磷标样及样品测定结果经检验均无显著性差异。     

环境监测质量控制中精密度控制的探讨

对环境监测精密度控制进行了系统论述,提出了一些适用精密度控制方法,对低浓度样品,空白测定值以及测量记录,计算结果的数据密度控制进行了有益的探讨。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。     

Plant Bioassays for an in Situ Monitoring of Air Near an Industrial Area and a Municipal Solid Waste – ŽILINA (SLOVAKIA)

The process of a bioindication of genotoxic effects of complex mixtures on the environment using higher plants is very appropriate and effective. We present the results of an in situ indication of the genotoxic effects of polluted environment near Žilina city. For a more complex monitoring we used: the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay, the Tradescantia microspore test and an evaluation of the abortivity of the pollen grains of native plant species. We found significant differences in the frequency of the micronuclei when using the Trad-MCN test in local of Dubeň. The Tradescantia pollen abortivity test showed significant differences in the frequency of the abortive pollen grains between the exposed groups and the control group. By using native plant species in the pollen abortivity test we found significant differences in both of the two locations for the four following species during two consecutive years: Artemisia vulgaris, Melilotus albus, Trifolium pratense, Typha latifolia.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Particle-phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Non-catalysed, In-use Four-stroke Scooters

Metals and radionuclide levels in marine birds of the Aleutians are of interest because they are part of subsistence diets of the Aleut people, and can also serve as indicators of marine pollution. We examined geographic and species-specific variations in concentrations of radionuclides in birds and their eggs from Amchitka, the site of underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971, and Kiska Islands (a reference site) in the Aleutians, and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium in eggs. In 2004 we collected common eiders (Somateria mollissima), tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) and glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) from Amchitka and Kiska, and eggs from eiders and gulls from the two island. We also collected one runt bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) chick from both Amchitka and Kiska Islands. For most species, the levels of radionuclide isotopes were below the minimum detectable activity levels (MDA). Out of 74 cesium-137 analyses, only one composite (gulls) was above the MDA, and out of 14 composites tested for plutonium (Pu-239, 240), only one exceeded the MDA (a guillemots). Three composites out of 14 tested had detectable uranium-238. In all cases, the levels were low and close to the MDAs, and were below those reported for other seabirds. There were significant interspecific differences in metal levels in eggs: gulls had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury than the eiders, and eiders had higher levels of lead than gulls. There were few significant differences as a function of island, but eiders had significantly higher levels of cadmium in eggs from Kiska, and gulls had significantly higher levels of mercury on Kiska. The levels of cadmium and mercury in eggs of eiders and gulls from this study were above the median for cadmium and mercury from studies in the literature. The levels of mercury in eggs are within the range known to affect avian predators, but seabirds seem less vulnerable to mercury than other birds. However, the levels of mercury are within the action levels for humans, suggesting some cause for concern if subsistence Aleuts eat a large quantity of eggs.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Patchy Distribution Fields: An Interleaved Survey Design and Reconstruction Adequacy

A mathematical model was used to compare the effects of a regular (one-pass) or interleaved (two-pass) acoustic survey on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches of different shapes and spatial orientations, and a set of parallel or zigzag transects forming a regular or interleaved acoustic survey. The efficiency of a survey is determined by the adequacy of a reconstructed field to that originally generated, which is evaluated by calculating their correlations. Regarding the immovable fields, the efficiency of a regular or interleaved acoustic survey was tested with the following two alternative assumptions: (1) the entire survey was completed; (2) the survey was interrupted for some reason at the moment when one transect remained non-accomplished. In the former case, the efficiencies of both acoustic surveys were nearly the same; in the latter case, the efficiency of an interleaved survey was superior to that of a regular one. With respect to movable fields, the efficiency of the completed interleaved surveys was even higher than that of the regular ones. Thus, the results obtained allow us to conclude that an interleaved survey is expedient in cases where there is no preference regarding the position of a vessel for further work.     

水样中双酚A检测技术研究

介绍了水样中双酚A检测技术的最新研究进展,评述了光谱分析、传感器检测、免疫检测及生物检测等四种方法的特点及实际应用情况,探讨了水样中双酚A检测技术的发展方向.     

Development and Parameterization of a Rain- and Fire-driven Model for Exploring Elephant Effects in African Savannas

We describe the development and parameterization of a grid-based model of African savanna vegetation processes. The model was developed with the objective of exploring elephant effects on the diversity of savanna species and structure, and in this formulation concentrates on the relative cover of grass and woody plants, the vertical structure of the woody plant community, and the distribution of these over space. Grid cells are linked by seed dispersal and fire, and environmental variability is included in the form of stochastic rainfall and fire events. The model was parameterized from an extensive review of the African savanna literature; when available, parameter values varied widely. The most plausible set of parameters produced long-term coexistence between woody plants and grass, with the tree–grass balance being more sensitive to changes in parameters influencing demographic processes and drought incidence and response, while less sensitive to fire regime. There was considerable diversity in the woody structure of savanna systems within the range of uncertainty in tree growth rate parameters. Thus, given the paucity of height growth data regarding woody plant species in southern African savannas, managers of natural areas should be cognizant of different tree species growth and damage response attributes when considering whether to act on perceived elephant threats to vegetation.     

Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study

Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.