荆州主要界限温度初终日、持续天数和积温的变化

根据荆州1954～2008年逐日气温资料,运用线性倾向估计、M K突变检验等方法计算分析了≥10℃积温和≥20℃积温的时间变化特征。结果表明：（1）55 a来年平均气温呈增加趋势,线性增温率为0.26℃/10 a,突变点为1986年,1988年后气温显著增加。（2）≥10℃和≥20℃初始日期呈显著提前趋势,终止日期呈延迟趋势,持续天数显著增加。（3）≥10℃积温呈显著增加趋势,增温率为85.9℃/10 a,突变点为1990年,1994年后积温显著增加;≥20℃积温呈显著增加趋势,增温率为75.6℃/10 a,突变点为1995年,2004年后积温显著增加。（4）≥10℃、≥20℃初始日期提前程度大于终止日期延迟程度,≥10℃积温增加幅度大于≥20℃积温增加幅度,≥10℃积温突变点和显著增加点出现年份均早于≥20℃积温。〖     

三峡库区近百年来气温变化特征

利用1924～2011年重庆和宜昌站气温资料,分析了三峡库区近百年来气温变化特征。结果表明：从线性趋势、年代变化、突变和周期分析表明近88 a重庆和宜昌气温的变化特征是比较一致的,两段显著偏暖的时期分别是20世纪20年代中期至40年代和20世纪90年代中期至今。用重庆和宜昌站的平均来代表三峡库区,库区气温阶段变化与重庆、宜昌站基本一致,20世纪90年代中后期至今出现的显著增温现象迟于我国1986年前后开始的普遍增温。库区各季节气温变化存在差异,4个季节最近一次增暖主要集中在20世纪90年代中期或中后期。近88 a来三峡库区年平均气温发生两次突变, 1947年左右突变为降温趋势; 1996年左右突变为增暖趋势。三峡库区年平均气温2～4a周期变化最为显著,4 a左右的周期1980年代后期开始显著。1920年代到1980年代存在的16～20 a的年代际周期,但能量较年际周期弱。近88 a三峡库区与全球气温变化存在较大差异,最近一次显著增暖时间比较,三峡库区比全球滞后约10 a     

67年来济南农业气候资源变化分析

利用1951—2017年济南市逐日气温、降水、日照时数观测资料,分析讨论了济南67 a济南地区农业气候资源时间和空间的变化及差异。结果表明:67 a来济南平均气温是14.6℃,整体呈阶段性上升趋势,1986—2002年增温明显。≥0℃活动积温呈震荡性上升趋势,夏季作物旺长的≥10℃活动积温也呈上升趋势,对作物生长有利,67年来济南水资源变化总体来说不明显,平阴、济阳、商河三县有偏少趋势。总体来说,济南气温升高蒸发量会增大,降水量变化趋势不明显,尤其平阴、济阳、商河,会出现旱情。     

气候变化对安徽省淮北地区夏玉米气象产量的影响

基于安徽省淮北地区24个气象观测站1961～2018年逐日气象资料及对应市(县)1961～2014年夏玉米产量资料,采用气候倾向率、M-K突变检验、相关分析、回归分析等方法,分析了安徽省淮北地区夏玉米生长季太阳总辐射、≥10℃积温、气温日较差、降水量等气候资源时空变化特征及对夏玉米气象产量的影响.结果 表明:(1)1961～2018年安徽省淮北地区夏玉米全生育期、营养生长期、并进期、生殖生长期太阳总辐射和日较差均呈极显著减少趋势(P＜0.01),≥10℃积温和降水量呈不显著增加趋势;空间分布上,太阳总辐射和气温日较差由北向南逐渐减少,≥10℃积温空间差异小,降水量总体呈径向分布,高值区位于淮北东部.(2)近58 a安徽省淮北地区夏玉米生长季太阳总辐射和日较差分别在1981和1982年发生了由多到少的突变,突变后较突变前分别减少了220.1 MJ·m-2和0.7℃;≥10℃积温、降水量无明显突变点.(3)降水量是影响淮北地区夏玉米气象产量的主要因子,并与气象产量呈二次曲线关系;≥10℃积温对夏玉米气象产量影响为负效应,其中并进期达显著水平(P＜0.05);太阳总辐射和气温日较差影响不显著.气候资源变化对夏玉米气象产量综合影响在全生育期和并进期达到显著水平(P＜0.05),在营养生长期达极显著水平(P＜0.01).(4)安徽省淮北地区在夏玉米种植过程中,可以通过加强水利基础设施建设,提升水分调节能力,提高夏玉米气象产量.     

若尔盖近55年热量资源分析

利用1957～2011 年若尔盖气象观测站的逐日气温资料,分析了该地区日平均气温稳定通过0℃的初日、终日、持续日数、活动积温的年际变化, 对活动积温进行突变检验。研究表明：若尔盖≥0℃的初日提前的趋势并不明显;终日呈显著延后趋势;持续日数呈明显增加趋势。活动积温变化呈十分显著的增加趋势,1997年为积温增加的突变年,1998～2011年是热量和持续日数增加幅度最大的时期。1998～2011年若尔盖≥0℃的各不同保证率对应的持续日数均大于1957～1997年对应的持续日数,即初日提前,终日推迟,活动积温也明显增加     

长江流域年平均气温的时空变化特征

利用长江流域146个气象站点1960~2005年的逐年气温资料，选用EOF和REOF方法识别长江流域年平均气温空间变化特征，并对长江流域年平均气温变化敏感区域进行时间演变分析和突变检测。研究表明:长江流域年平均气温主要有2种空间振荡型（即全流域气温变化趋向一致型和流域内气温变化存在东西向差异型），3个变化敏感区域（长江流域中下游地区、长江流域南部和金沙江流域）。3个变化敏感区域的年平均气温都在20世纪90年代明显升高，且均在90年代后期呈突变增加，其中金沙江流域升温趋势最为明显，气候倾向率为0.20℃/10a。全流域1991~2005年年平均气温距平空间分布表明，自1991年以来全流域都为升温趋势，其中长江流域中下游地区和金沙江流域是升温幅度最大的地区。     

雅鲁藏布江中游河谷气温时序变化的小波分析

通过对雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区拉萨、日喀则、江孜和泽当等4个气象站1957～2007年逐日气温资料进行等权平均取值,采用气候倾向率和小波分析法,研究了不同时间尺度下近51 a气温变化趋势及周期特征。结果表明：近50 a年平均气温倾向率为0.27℃/10 a,高于西藏地区平均值。气温变化以秋、冬季较显著,夏季气温增长最不明显。年与各季气温变化均存在15～20 a时间尺度上的周期性震荡,突变点在1987年左右,总体表现为1987年前气温偏低,1987年后处于偏高期。春、秋、冬季在1975年左右存在一个升温期,但夏季较明显的升温期却在20世纪80年代中期。
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三江源地区1961~2005年气温极端事件变化

利用三江源地区11个气象台站1961~2005年逐日最高气温和最低气温资料，分析了三江源地区极端高温和极端低温的变化趋势。研究表明：近45年来，白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数明显增多，分别以26 d/10 a和44 d/10 a速度在增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数显著减缓，分别以41 d/10 a和85 d/10 a的速度显著减少;年极端低温和极端高温分别以042℃/10 a和029℃/10 a的速度增加;白天和夜间温度极端偏高的日数增加主要发生在冬季和夏季，而白天和夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少主要发生在春季和秋季，夜间温度极端偏低的日数减少趋势最为明显;长江源地区极端气温变化对区域增温的响应更为敏感。     

我国三峡库区高温天气的变化分析

根据三峡库区及其周围30个气象站1961～2010年的逐日气温资料,采用常规统计方法分析了50 a来三峡库区高温的时空变化特征。结果表明: 过去50 a,三峡库区年均高温日数为2407 d,存在23和31 a尺度的周期振荡,于1979 年发生了由多到少的突变;高温日平均最高气温为3669 ℃,具有3 a尺度的变化周期。8月的高温日数最多且高温日平均最高气温最高。20 世纪80年代高温日数与高温日平均最高气温为负距平,在21 世纪最初10 a,高温日数显著增加,高温日平均高温气温增高。三峡库区高温日数呈峡谷多,山区和丘陵少,库区北部多、南部少的分布特点。三峡库区蓄水后高温趋势变化不显著     

长江三角洲地区四季变化特征及城市化影响研究

基于1961～2017年长江三角洲地区(以下简称长三角)112个气象站点逐日气温数据和1981～2015年各气象站点周边10 km范围内建设用地面积变化资料,利用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变检验、相关性和显著性检验等气候统计方法,分析了长三角四季开始日期、四季长度变化特征及其受城市化的影响.结果 表明:过去57年间,长三角入春和入夏日期分别以2.1和1.7 d/10a的趋势显著提早,入秋和入冬日期分别以2.0和1.3 d/10a的趋势显著推迟,并在几乎所有地区都呈提早或推迟趋势.长三角区域平均夏季长度以3.6d/10a的趋势显著延长,冬季长度以3.5d/10a的趋势显著缩短,且在长三角绝大部分地区都显著;春、秋季长度变化不显著.四季开始日期大多在20世纪90年代中后期发生显著突变.区域内城市建设用地的增长与四季变化具有较好的对应关系.城市化进程引起的建设用地增长,导致了下垫面地表物理属性的改变和地表能量平衡变化,促进四季增温并使春夏季提早、秋冬季推迟和夏季长度的增加、冬季长度的缩短.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems

Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author's experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

环境规制相对力度变化对FDI的影响分析

本文利用1995-2007年间41个投资来源国和地区的数据,把41个投资来源国和地区分为25个发达国家与16个发展中国家(地区)两类,重点研究中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响,并考察了借贷成本、双边贸易关系、经济发展水平的相似性等影响因素,运用面板数据进行中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响的实证检验,为中国选择FDI的类型提供理论依据.本文的研究结论表明;中国——相对于投资来源国——环境规制相对力度越严格,来自发展中国家(地区)的FDI将减少;而来自发达国家的FDI并不受影响.产生这一结果的原因在于,不同外商直接投资来源国企业环保技术水平的差异导致其对环境规制的敏感程度不同.在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国选择FDI的类型从外资的来源结构、产业结构、环境技术三个方面提出了相应的政策建议.     

Assessment of the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution on the basis of the statistical distribution of the occurrence of micromycete species

A methodology of substantiating the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution has been described according to the results of bioindication using microfungal communities. At the first state, the values of the factors under which the frequency of each species is maximal were estimated using ordination methods. The statistical distribution of the species sensitivity was simulated according to these data. The methodology was illustrated using the results of analysis of the toxicity of soil samples from uranium mine dumps (the village of Kadzhi-Sai, Kyrgyzstan). The preliminary estimates of the critical values of six soil pollution indices that provide the defined allowable probability of the ecological risk have been given.     

Some of the Nineteenth Century Origins of the Sustainability Concept

Interpreting and applying the concept of sustainable development is increasingly viewed as being the way to promulgate just and practicable economic, environmental and social policy. It is thus important that there be increased public and political awareness concerning the origins of economic theory, and its early relationship to sustainability concepts. While the term 'sustainable development' was popularised by the World Commission on Environment and Development report Our Common Future in 1987, it is generally recognised that notions of sustainability were promoted in `limits to growth' and 'green' discourses in the early 1970s (Meadows et al.: 1974, The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome, Potomac Associates and Pan Books, London and Sydney). However, there is little acknowledgement of the way in which nineteenth century intellectuals, from a range of disciplines, conceptualised the importance of balancing economic, social and environmental sustainability in their quest for justice and the conservation of nature.There was a considerable exchange of ideas on `political economy' and nature across Europe, and later the Americas, from the middle of the eighteenth century. This discourse reached its intellectual peak in the nineteenth century. During that era there was a proliferation of literature that was aimed at improving the human condition and recognising humanity's dependence upon nature. In Europe and the USA the participants in the debate included Cantillon, Quesnay, Condorcet, Galiani, Von Hayek, Marx and George. Due to the breadth of this influential body of work, we focus here on the British Victorian thinkers such as Darwin, Malthus, Martineau and Mill. These thinkers influenced each other in developing their theories and ideas in science, politics, economics and philosophy, and were influenced in turn by an earlier generation of intellectuals, such as Adam Smith. For the Victorian thinkers, conserving nature while trying to improve the distribution of wealth was a not a paradox, but a moral duty, and for them Smith's `rational' pursuit of self-interest could only be followed if it did not interfere with 'the rules of justice'. We argue that the manner in which these thinkers conceptualised their theories and ideas represents the nineteenth century origins of sustainability concepts.