不同阻燃剂的聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃特性研究

为了解添加不同阻燃剂的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃特性,对聚氨酯泡沫材料一半干燥一半采用添加Mg Cl2、防老剂、质量分数为10%的水三种情况进行阻燃处理。各次实验结果表明,添加Mg Cl2的材料阻燃效果较好,温度传播到含有添加剂的材料时,由于材料的阻燃性吸附阻止氧气的传播导致没有发生阴燃向有焰火的转化;当传播到有防老剂材料时,由于防老剂的阻氧导致氧气量缓慢减少,在接触后的前期由于氧气量变化缓慢导致气相反应的出现,随着氧气量减少,阴燃结束;当传播到含水材料时,温度出现下降同时阴燃传播速度变慢,但是阴燃仍然能够维持,最后由于氧气的大量进入转化为有焰火。     

自然对流下含水率突变锯末阴燃转明火的实验研究

多孔固体可燃物含水率不连续分布会对其阴燃过程产生影响,并可能会促进阴燃向明火转变。该文对自然对流条件下含水率突变的锯末材料阴燃转明火过程进行实验研究。实验样品前半部分保持干燥,后半部分含水率增加(干基含水率：11.83%～60.35%)。实验结果表明,当后半部分干基含水率小于19.30%时,阴燃能够自维持传播;当后半部分干基含水率在20.40%～51.69%之间时,阴燃蔓延过程中会在含水率突变处形成有利于气体积聚的空隙,并发生向明火的转变;当后半部分干基含水率大于53.57%时,不会发生转明火现象。固体内部温度和气体产物演化过程表明,含水率突变处发生阴燃转明火是高温、突变处形成的空隙和可燃气体积聚共同作用的结果。     

不连续和含水材料阴燃及向明火转化过程研究

聚氨酯泡沫材料是阴燃火灾中常见的可燃物之一,对变化的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃过程进行了研究.材料变化主要包括连续材料前后部分含水率变化,以及不连续材料前后部分含水率变化.观测各次不同试样试验现象并用热电偶组记录内部的温度变化.结果显示,对于连续材料,当后部含水率小于7.4％时,阴燃稳定传播;后部含水率在10.3％-13.8％时,发生气相反应并形成明火;后部含水率为17.4％时,不能形成明火,后部含水率大于20.9％时,阴燃停止传播.对于不连续材料,在阴燃过程中不易出现明火,当含水率为17.4％时阴燃就会熄灭.材料热分析的TG和DSC数据可清楚显示阴燃反应的各个温度区间和特点.阴燃过程的传热分析也表明,莲续材料比不连续材料更有利于阴燃的传播和明火的形成.     

聚氨酯泡沫材料阴燃发展过程的特性分析

分析对比了相同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料在有氧和无氧气氛下的升温过程,并对不同加热条件下的聚氨酯泡沫材料的阴燃传播速度进行研究.结果表明:沿着反应进行的方向,分离点的温度越来越低,不同热流条件下的温度分离曲线斜率在实验稳定发展段的变化规律表现得很相似,并在分离点出现后,有氧气氛中的该位置温度在短时间内急剧上升;在阴燃不稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋的速度小于氧化前锋的速度,在稳定传播阶段时,热解前锋速度与氧化前锋速度近乎相等.     

自然扩散条件下阴然向有焰火转化的数理模型

建立了一维自然扩散条件下阴燃传播和向有焰火转化的积分模型。材料阴燃的化学反应采用两步反应模型：无氧热解反应和有氧热解反应。前者是吸热反应,释放可燃气体,后者是放热反应,提供阴燃所需的能量。气相反应速率取决于可燃气体的浓度、氧气的浓度以及温度,一旦条件达到合适点,将出现有焰火。文中给出了自然扩散条件下阴然稳定传播时的速度,和能够出现有焰火所需务件的数学表达式,并与相关实验结果进行了对比。     

水平燃料填充床反向阴燃传播及其熄灭分析

根据单步反应机理(仅包括燃料的氧化),建立了一维非稳态燃料填充床反向阴燃的数学模型。通过简化模型参数及大活化能渐近分析,得出了定性描述燃料反向阴燃传播的两个方程。结果表明:随着空气流量的增大,阴燃温度是不断上升的,但由于受到反向空气风流的影响,阴燃温度的增长幅度是逐渐变小的;阴燃传播速度却呈现出先增大后减小直至熄灭的变化趋势。这种变化趋势与前人的实验结果相一致。通过定性分析得出:在气体流量为零的情况下,燃料仍然可以发生阴燃,而维持阴燃不断传播所需要的氧气量源于反应区域周围气体的扩散。此外,也分析了燃料特性参数(如密度、孔隙率、比热、导热系数及活化能)对燃料阴燃温度和阴燃速度传播的影响。     

有一种燃烧叫阴燃

<正>没有火焰的缓慢燃烧现象称为阴燃。很多固体物质,如纸张、锯末、橡胶、海绵以及某些多孔热固性塑料等,都可能发生阴燃,特别是当它们堆积起来的时候。阴燃是固体燃烧的一种形式,是无可见光的缓慢燃烧,通常会产生烟和温度上升等现象。发生阴燃的内部条件是,可燃物必须是受热分解后能产生刚性结构的多孔的固体物质。例如,柔性泡沫材料如果在高温条件下产生刚性很强的碳就会容易发生阴燃。发生阴燃的外部条件是有适合供热强度的     

阴燃中出现有焰火的理论初探

阴燃是一种自维持,不断传播的,异相反应的放热燃烧过程。典型的阴燃例子有蚝烟,地下煤矿的燃烧等。从热安全角度来看阴燃过程,不完全的氧化反应和可燃物热解都会产生很多的有毒气体,对人造成危害;另外在一定的条件下,阴燃还会突然转化为有焰火,进行更猛烈的燃烧,造成更大的破坏。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫阴燃前期热解特性研究

采用DSC-TGA(差示扫描量热-热重分析)同步热分析仪对软质聚氨酯泡沫(聚氨酯软泡)在不同氧气体积分数(0、10％、30％、50％)和不同加热速率(10 K/min、20 K/min、50 K/min)下热解到800℃的过程及其对阴燃的影响进行了研究.结果表明,当氧气体积分数介于10％ ～ 50％时,聚氨酯软泡热失重DTG曲线只有1个峰;当氧气体积分数降低到10％时,DTG曲线开始逐渐分离为2个峰;当氧气体积分数降为0(即氮气气氛)时,DTG曲线已经明显分为2个峰.这表明氧气体积分数对聚氨酯软泡热解特性具有重要作用.氧气体积分数和加热速率降低均对聚氨酯软泡的热解有抑制作用,均能减小阴燃传播速率和向明火转化的可能性.加热速率降低主要是延长了聚氨酯软泡的热解周期,从而减小了热解可燃气体积分数和放热速率.氧气体积分数降低对聚氨酯软泡热解的影响相对复杂的多:当氧气体积分数从10％降低到0时,主要提高了聚氨酯软泡的分解温度,而对热解速率影响不大;当氧气体积分数介于10％～50％时,氧气体积分数减小主要会降低聚氨酯软泡的热解速率、放热速率和放热量而对热解温度影响相对不大.氧气体积分数和加热速率降低抑制了多元醇的分解,而多元醇是聚氨酯软泡维持阴燃或向明火转化的主要物质及能量来源.     

热水解预处理改善污泥脱水性能的实验研究

采用脱水污泥为材料,从热水解的原理出发,研究了不同的水热时间、温度、加碱量对污泥脱水性能的影响,并用Zeta电位、SEM、UV-Vis对污泥进行表征。实验结果表明,含水率85%的污泥,在120℃条件下热水解30 min,污泥的离心干基含水率从4.09降到了3.85;当投加碱(m(CaX_2)/m(VS)=0.08)时,污泥的离心干基含水率下降明显,在160℃条件下热水解40 min,污泥离心干基含水率下降幅度达到9.4%和7.9%。     

Numerical investigation and theoretical prediction of self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles

Spontaneous combustion of coarse coal stockpiles in temporary coal storage yards was investigated numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The main purposes of the numerical investigation were to identify the self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles and formulate a theoretical model to predict the self-ignition time and locations of coarse coal piles. A mathematical model for self-ignition of coarse coal piles was developed and the process of spontaneous ignition of coarse coal stockpiles was simulated. The kinetic data of low-temperature oxidation reaction was obtained from the laboratory-scale experiments with bituminous coals taken from Jindi Coal Mine of Shanxi Province in China. The influence of moisture was ignored because the studied coal had low moisture content (mass concentration: 1.87%) and both coal and ambient environment were assumed to be saturated with moisture (or ambient environment was assumed to be dry). The effects of five variables (i.e. wind velocity, oxygen concentration, height, porosity, and side slope) on the spontaneous ignition in coarse coal piles were examined. Simultaneously, a theoretical prediction model was formulated in light of variable analyses and a great number of simulations.Compared to self-ignition characteristics of fine-particle coal piles, several self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal piles were identified by numerical investigation. Wind-driven forced convection plays a predominant role in self-heating of coarse coal piles. As wind velocity increases, the self-ignition location in the pile migrates from the lower part which is close to the surface of the windward side to the upper part near to the surface of the leeward side. Wind velocity increase exerts the positive or the negative effect on self-heating, which depends on a critical wind velocity value to sustain balances of both the heat and the availability of oxygen in the coarse coal pile. The behavior of self-ignition is remarkably sensitive to both oxygen concentration and height, and a coarse coal stockpile will not ignite spontaneously as long as one of two critical variable values is satisfied: oxygen concentration of 5% or height of 3 m. The theoretical prediction model suggests when and where countermeasures should be made to prevent the self-ignition in the coal stockpile with engineering accuracy.     

The effect of moisture content within multilayer protective clothing on protection from radiation and steam

The moisture from skin sweat and atmospheric water affects the thermal protective performance provided by multilayer protective clothing. Four levels of moisture content were selected to evaluate the impact of moisture on thermal protection under dry (thermal radiation) and wet (thermal radiation and low-pressure steam) heat exposure. Also, the role of moisture and its relationship with exposure time were analyzed based on skin heat flux and Henriques integral value. The addition of moisture to a fabric system was found to result in differences in second-degree and third-degree skin burn times. When moisture is added to a fabric system, it both acts as a thermal conductor to present a negative effect and provides a positive effect owing to thermal storage of water and evaporative heat loss. The positive or negative effects of moisture are mainly dependent on the thermal exposure time, the moisture content and the presence of hot steam.     

Dry and wet heat transfer through clothing dependent on the clothing properties under cold conditions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture on the heat transfer through clothing in relation to the water vapour resistance, type of underwear, location of the moisture and climate. This forms part of the work performed for work package 2 of the European Union THERMPROTECT project. Thermal manikin results of dry and wet heat loss are presented from different laboratories for a range of 2-layer clothing with similar dry insulations but different water vapour permeabilities and absorptive properties. The results obtained from the different manikins are generally consistent with each other. For each climate, total wet heat loss is predominately dependent on the permeability of the outer layer. At 10 degrees C, the apparent evaporative heat loss is markedly higher than expected from evaporation alone (measured at 34 degrees C), which is attributed to condensation within the clothing and to increased conductivity of the wet clothing layers.     

Experimental investigation on oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tank

Oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tank is complicated, and it is influenced by numerous factors such as water content, air humidity, operating temperature etc. The paper focuses on the oxidation process of sulfurized rust in the wild. Firstly, samples collected from a petrochemical company were put into the sulfurization & oxidation experimental apparatus to gain wet and dry sulfurized rusts. Their chemical compositions and phase were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) -scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The results showed that both wet and dry sulfurized rusts had S, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃S₄ and FeS₂, whereas FeS only existed in wet sulfurized rust. The two kinds of rusts gave a short length of side, diamond appearance and a large pore size in structure. Then oxidation of wet sulfurized rust was investigated, which included electrochemical reaction stage, electrochemical & chemical reaction coexisting stage and chemical reaction stage. The final oxidation product of wet sulfurized was determined to be Fe₂O₃. On the basis of this study, an indicator for monitoring and early-warning was proposed to prevent plants in vicinity of the accidental vessel or tank from fire and explosion.     

不同煤层煤氧化自燃性实验分析

为研究不同煤层煤自然发火特征的异同性及规律,以淮南矿区1号、3号、6号、13号煤层为研究对象,通过自然发火实验,对不同煤层煤的自然发火期周期、煤样70℃时放热强度和R70值进行分析。研究结果表明:4个不同煤层煤样自燃性由强到弱依次为:3煤>6煤>1煤>13煤;变质程度相近的4个煤层,3煤自然发火期最短,这与煤体中硫分和水分含量高有关;13煤变质程度较高,且前期放热强度、耗氧速率增长缓慢,其自燃性较弱;4个不同煤层煤的耗氧速率、CO,CO2产生率,以及C2H4/C2H6值随煤温升高具有相似的变化规律;煤中CH4气体大量解吸出现于煤温60℃之前,煤中灰分在80~120℃开始逐渐吸热融化,解析和融化均会抑制煤氧接触并且减小煤氧反应放热总量。     

Research on thermal decomposition characteristics of H foaming agent with different moisture contents

N, N-Dinitroso pentamethylene tetramine, also known as H foaming agent, is a self-reactive chemical substance commonly used in the rubber industry. Decomposition, explosion and combustion may be caused by the presence of fire or high temperature. As a high-risk chemical that is strictly regulated in China, H foaming agent has ever triggered multiple accidents. During the study of the decomposition thermal process of H foaming agent, it was found that the presence of moisture content at different levels had a significant effect on its thermal stability. The thermal characteristics of H foaming agent under different moisture contents was studied through the test means such as adiabatic calorimetry and high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry. Through isothermal calorimetry experiment, it was found that the decomposition of H foaming agent had obvious auto-catalytic characteristics. In the moisture content within the range of 0–40%, with the increase of moisture content, the initial exothermic temperature T_onset of the mixture system of H foaming agent and water decreased, while the time from initial heat release to rapid temperature rise of the reaction system (induction period) was gradually prolonged, and the temperature increment of the reaction system was increased gradually. As the proportion of moisture content in the system increased, the adiabatic temperature rise ΔT_ad of the mixture system of H foaming agent and water gradually decreased, meanwhile the time to maximum rate under adiabatic condition (TMR_ad) gradually decreased. The research results have guiding significance for finding the reasonable moisture content of H foaming agent in the drying process and determining the upper temperature limit during storage and transportation.     

辐射热流作用下树叶样品的燃烧特征研究

研究植物叶样在外部热辐射和值班火源作用下的燃烧现象特征并探索其成因和物理及化学本质。采用锥形量热仪开展实验,热辐射强度分别设定为35kW m-2、55kW m-2、70kW m-2和85kW m-2。实验样品为针阔叶树种共13种,其含水率在45%至79%间变化。实验表明,样品表现出不同的着火模式,有的为明火,有的则为阴燃,取决于树种和设定的辐射强度。样品出现有焰燃烧现象的最低热释放速率峰值(PHRR)在22.3kW m-2至35.6kW m-2之间,反映了形成气相火焰所需最低挥发分质量流率。气相产物CO2产生速率的峰值与PHRR呈高度线性性,表明了不同样品间气相燃烧或固相表面氧化(阴燃燃烧)反应的相似性。进一步分析表明,出现的独特热释放速率尖锐峰形是样品分层特性以及树叶的物理属性和热物性共同作用的结果。具有热薄特性的样品表层,在实验初期是接受外部辐射热的主体,其热解的产物是形成气相火焰的物质来源;在其转变为焦炭层后,对辐射热流向内层的渗透具有阻挡作用。建立起来的认识对于评估分层样品的燃烧性有一定的指导意义。     

水分对无烟煤瓦斯吸附影响的低场核磁试验研究

为研究水分对无烟煤瓦斯吸附的影响,以山西晋城集团王台铺煤矿无烟煤为研究对象,利用低场核磁共振技术,研究了煤样在不同水分含量下的核磁共振T2谱图,分析了T2谱图核磁信号与瓦斯吸附量的关系。结果表明:煤中水分质量分数较大时,水分在微孔、小孔、中大孔内均有分布;水分含量较小时,水分主要存在于微孔内。瓦斯吸附量随水分增加而减少,但水分对煤瓦斯吸附的抑制程度不同,水分质量分数从0增加到1.92%,水分主要存在于微孔隙中,瓦斯吸附量显著降低;而水分质量分数从1.92%增加到3.09%时,水分主要在小孔隙及中大孔隙内增加,瓦斯吸附量降低幅度较小。微孔隙中水分对瓦斯吸附的抑制作用较明显,随含水量增加,瓦斯吸附速度逐渐降低,吸附平衡所需时间增大。     

泥炭粒径对阴燃蔓延速率影响的实验研究

实验研究了自然对流下,不同颗粒粒径(1mm,1mm~2mm,2mm~3mm,3mm~4mm,4mm)的泥炭向下阴燃现象。通过测量泥炭阴燃内部温度,分析了泥炭颗粒粒径大小对泥炭阴燃峰值温度、峰值温度处阴燃蔓延速率、水分蒸发前锋(T=90℃)蔓延速率、泥炭热解前锋(T=312℃)蔓延速率和炭氧化前锋(T=421℃)蔓延速率的影响。实验结果表明:各颗粒粒径泥炭的阴燃峰值温度在510℃到710℃之间变化,平均峰值温度大小呈现随着粒径的增大而减小的趋势。除了粒径1mm的泥炭阴燃实验外,其他粒径的泥炭阴燃稳定蔓延阶段峰值处的蔓延速率随着粒径的增大而增大。实验发现粒径2mm泥炭阴燃蔓延速率随着粒径的增大而增大,而粒径3mm泥炭阴燃蔓延速率随着泥炭粒径的增大而减小,粒径2mm~3mm是一个界限值。