污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

模拟评价亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化生物膜工艺中氧的消耗

前期模拟研究显示,溶解氧是控制亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化生物膜工艺的关键因子.因此,作为一个设计参数,曝气量在工程上便显得尤为重要.生物膜工艺曝气量取决于发生在生物膜内各种反应(硝化、常规反硝化及厌氧氨氧化)的耗氧与氧补偿以及生物膜的厚度等.由于在生物膜内存在着基质扩散梯度,所以,通过试验方法确定净耗氧量十分困难,甚至难以实现.正因如此,数学模拟技术被用来评价这一在工艺设计和运行管理中具有实际意义的问题.模拟试验结果显示,不同的工艺及生物膜参数会导致不同的耗氧曲线.这些信息有助于亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化生物膜工艺的设计及运行.     

苏州河武宁路断面底泥需氧量的测定

对苏州河武宁路断面的底泥需氧量（SOD）进行了测定。结果表明，综合调水工程后，SOD首先经历了一个显著上升的过程，随后开始逐步下降，目前还处于不断变化的过程。其中，上覆水体的流态对SOD的影响很大；另外，随着水质改善，生物耗氧的权重可能还会增加。     

超重力环境下活性氧簇氧化吸收一氧化氮的研究

为了减少工业排放氮氧化物(NOx)对大气造成的污染,需要去除难溶性的NO。活性氧簇(ROS)可以将NO氧化为水溶性NO₂,超重力机可以强化气液传质效果。结合二者的优势,文章提出了一种在超重力环境下利用ROS氧化去除NO的方法。研究了吸收液pH值、转速、温度、气液比、气体浓度、吸收液循环对NO脱除率的影响,并对吸收产物进行了测定。结果表明,在20℃,H₂O₂浓度为1 mol/L,H₂O₂溶液pH为13,超重力机转速为1 200 r/min时,NO的脱除效率最好。当NO体积浓度为500×10^-6,气液比为100时,NO的脱除效率可达96%。NO最终变为NO₃^-存在于液相中,且该吸收液可以用于同步脱硫脱硝。     

城市典型居民社区水能消费碳排放核算与影响评价

居民社区用水用能的碳排放与行为选择和技术水平有关,且随时间波动性强。通过智能监测、实地调研、问卷调查等多种方法,自下而上构建了涵盖居民社区水能消费行为和基础设施相关的碳排放核算方法并评估其影响。通过对北京市海淀区某社区的案例研究发现,该社区夏季、春秋季、冬季碳排放量分别为18.2~20.8、19.3~21.5、58.5~63.8 t/d（以二氧化碳计）,不同季节周末日均碳排放量约为工作日的1.0~1.2倍,由于采暖等因素造成冬季碳排放是其他三季的3.0~3.1倍。从全年来看,社区基础设施端共排放二氧化碳6.98×10³ t/a,居民消费端排放4.94×10³ t/a,占比分别为58.7%和41.3%;案例社区的温室气体核算体系范围1（能源直接碳排放,即气耗）碳排放量为8.98×10³ t/a,范围2（能源间接碳排放,即电耗和水耗）碳排放量为2.92×10³ t/a,占比分别为75.4%和24.6%。研究结果表明,推动燃气设备等基础设施升级改造、倡导居民生活器具和行为方式节能化等途径是推动居民社区减碳和绿色低碳转型的重要手段。

     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

Biological control of gizzard shad impingement at a nuclear power plant

Biological control of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) using predator fish species was managed to reduce impingement on cooling water intake screens at Coffey County Lake (CCL), Kansas. Long term shad and predator proportional stock densities (PSD) and body conditions (Wr) were used to characterize this fishery. Comparisons were completed between the lake’s primary productivity (mg/m³ chlorophyll-a), catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of young-of-year (YOY) and adult gizzard shad, and body conditions of predator species. No relationships were found between the lake’s productivity and gizzard shad densities indicating that other mechanisms control shad numbers, likely predation. Body conditions of the prevalent predator species in CCL were positively compared with the previous year’s production during a short-lived increase in shad densities. It is well documented that shad are an important food source for most predator species present in the lake. It is believed that the predator species present played a significant role in reducing YOY shad densities each year. Body conditions of predators did not indicate a surplus of a primary prey species. High shad growth rates and PSD indices promote survival of sufficient shad to adults, thus making this fishery nearly self-sustaining, and beneficial for plant operation.     

Aeration optimization through operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations: Evaluation of oxygen mass transfer dynamics in different activated sludge systems

In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics(such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)and microbial communities)and operating conditions(such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations). Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model(determined using different air flow rate(Q′_(air))and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)values),theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.     

淹水对菖蒲(Acorus calamus)根际氧环境的影响

为研究淹水对湿地植物根际氧环境的影响,选择典型湿地植物菖蒲幼苗(株高约15 cm、根长约6 cm)和成株(株高约40 cm、根长约11 cm)在沉积物中培养并完全淹没,利用微型电机控制氧气微光极对菖蒲根中部根际氧浓度及组织内部氧浓度原位测定3周. 结果表明:短期(7 d) 淹水,菖蒲幼苗及成株根际氧扩散层厚度及氧浓度比对照组均显著下降;在淹水第14天,在幼苗根际未检出氧扩散层;在淹水第21天,成株根际氧扩散层厚度及平均氧浓度仍分别为0.34 mm和11.18%,并保持至淹水试验结束. 淹水组菖蒲的根际氧扩散层厚度、平均氧浓度均随根组织内部氧浓度的下降而降低,其中幼苗3个指标分别由初始的0.22 mm、1.4%和50.3%降至0 mm、0%和32.9%,成株分别由0.64 mm、19.3%和64.6%降至0.34 mm、11.2%和55.3%,表明前2个指标的下降程度显著超过后者;淹水组菖蒲幼苗、成株根组织内部氧浓度主要受植株光合作用的影响,而对照组则受光合作用及气体交换作用的共同影响,淹水能在短期(7 d)内促进菖蒲成株根通气组织的发育,使其孔隙率从28.45%升至32.44%,并有助于维持根组织内的氧浓度水平,根组织内部氧浓度淹水组(65.6%)与对照组(67.1%)无显著差异. 研究表明,淹水胁迫下,根组织内部氧浓度水平是影响菖蒲根氧扩散的核心因素,其中幼苗根组织内部氧浓度显著下降并威胁到自身存活时,其已无氧扩散效应,而成株根组织内部较高的氧浓度使其仍能保持一定程度的氧扩散.      

不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油RCCI燃烧与排放特性的影响

在总循环能量和发动机转速不变的条件下,运用一台六缸重型增压柴油机研究了不同喷油定时和氧含量对正丙醇/柴油活性控制压燃（Reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI）的燃烧与排放特性的影响 . 结果表明,随着喷油定时（Start of injection,SOI）的提前,第一燃烧阶段的放热率峰值和缸内温度不断增加,初始着火相位（CA10）和燃烧重心（CA50）同步提前,燃烧持续期基本不变,滞燃期增加 .CO 和 HC 的排放随 SOI 提前逐渐减小,而 NO_x的排放随 SOI 提前逐渐增加;颗粒物排放的平均粒径（Particle average diameter,PAD）和颗粒物质量浓度（Particle mass concentration,PMC）及颗粒物数量浓度（Particle number concentration,PNC）会随 SOI 的提前呈现出逐渐降低的趋势 . 而氧含量（Oxygen ratios,RO）的增加会使缸内压力和缸内温度整体略微下降,滞燃期整体小幅度增加 .CO 和 HC 的排放会随着...     

南水北调中线总干渠水体耗氧特征及成因

为揭示南水北调总干渠水体耗氧物质的种类及其潜在来源,对总干渠沿线进行了水样采集,并分析了总干渠水体的耗氧因子的分布及其耗氧成因.结果表明,从渠首到北盘石监测断面,高锰酸盐指数低于国家地表水Ⅰ类水质标准值（2 mg·L^-1）,北盘石以北（除惠南庄断面）几乎全部高于2 mg·L^-1.溶解性有机质（DOM）、NH₃-N和NO₂^--N浓度在总干渠沿程呈波动特征;Fe²⁺和Mn²⁺浓度在北盘石以南断面较为稳定,之后分别呈降低和升高趋势.基于上述物质耗氧的化学计量关系,DOM耗氧量均值为1.86 mg·L^-1,对高锰酸盐指数的平均贡献率超过了70%;无机物质中NH₃-N耗氧量最高,平均为0.134 mg·L^-1,而NO₂^--N、Fe²⁺及Mn²⁺的耗氧量均低于0.1 mg·L^-1.对主要耗氧因子DOM的三维荧光分析结果表明,荧光指数（FI）、自生源指数（BIX）、腐殖化指数（HIX）变化范围分别为1.68~3.62、0.68~1.22、1.47~3.04,表现出较强的自生源特征,DOM内源输入占比达到了71.63%~80.94%,并且在藻类爆发期,藻密度突变点与高锰酸盐指数的突变点高度吻合.上述结果表明主要来源于自身藻类和微生物的DOM是导致总干渠沿程高锰酸盐指数升高的主要原因,干渠自身生物化学过程对水质的影响值得长期关注.     

Entrainment and impingement studies at two power plants on the Wabash River in Indiana

Fish entrainment and impingement studies were conducted at Cayuga and Wabash River generating Stations in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Concurrent river samplings were conducted upstream from the stations to assess adult fish and ichthyoplankton populations. The original 316(b) studies at these stations were conducted in 1976–1977 and concluded that the stations were having minimal adverse impact on the Wabash River fish community. The state regulatory agency did not agree with this interpretation and requested the subsequent 1987 and 1988 studies. The major issue at these once-through cooling power plants was the large water withdrawals at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations [1318 and 1096 cubic feet per second (cfs) maximum plant flows, respectively], in contrast to the relatively low average annual Wabash River flows (10,070 and 11,110 cfs, respectively). The close proximity of the stations (35 river miles apart) together with the high percentage of water withdrawn suggest that the potential risk of unacceptable impacts is high.The six-month impingement estimates for Cayuga and Wabash River Stations were 15,086 and 11,401 fish, respectively. Impingement catches at both stations were dominated by young-of-the-year (YOY) channel catfish and gizzard shad. In addition, small minnows (primarily bullhead minnow and emerald shiners) were commonly impinged at Cayuga Station. Minnows (predominantly spotfin shiner, bullhead minnow and emerald shiner) were also the dominant species in the river samplings upstream from the stations. In the entrainment samplings, an estimated 26,920,382 and 107,503,876 fish eggs and larvae were entrained each year at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations, respectively. Ictiobinae (buffaloes and carpsuckers) and Cyprinidae (minnows and shiners) were the dominant ichthyoplankton in the river. Approximately 3.5 and 23% of the total river ichthyoplankton were entrained at Cayuga and Wabash River Stations, respectively. Gizzard shad at Cayuga Station, and Ictiobinae and Cyprinidae at Wabash River Station (WRS) were the dominant taxa entrained by the stations. Unusually low river flows during the spring and summer of 1987 and 1988 provided worst-case conditions for entrainment and impingement at the stations. However, the relatively low impingement and entrainment numbers during these worst-case conditions indicated that these stations were not adversely affecting the Wabash River fish community.     

Sonolysis and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by means of varying parameters

IntroductionThepresenceofhuman derivedornaturallyoccurringvolatileornovolatiletoxicorganiccompoundsindrinkingwaterhavebecomeaproblemofamajornationalandinternationalconcern .Thepresenceoftoxicorganiccompoundsinafewpartsperbillionisenoughtorenderawatersuppl…     

纯氧曝气与空气曝气处理生活污水的效果比较

研究纯氧曝气与空气曝气对好氧装置处理生活污水效果以及对NH3和H2S产生量的影响。试验结果表明,与空气曝气相比,纯氧曝气的COD去除率高2.57%,NH3-N去除率高9.59%;处理7L相同体积的污水,空气曝气吹脱出的NH3是纯氧曝气的3.4倍,吹脱出的H2S平均值为12.99 ug,远大于纯氧曝气装置的0.38 ug。     

Dispersion of sulphur dioxide around the thermal power plant at Ahmedabad,India

Air quality due to the release of sulphur dioxide from the thermal power plant within the city limits of Ahmedabad has been computed employing a point, area and line dispersion model. To estimate probable air quality, the meteorological data for 3 consecutive days in the middle of each month of 1983 is used. The concentration of sulphur dioxide is computed at a distance of every 500 m in 16 directions up to the city limit. The air quality in the worst case is estimated in downwind distances under unfavourable meteorological conditions.The probable zones of high concentrations of sulphur dioxide over residential, commercial and industrial areas of the city are below the ambient air quality standards set by the U.S. EPA in 1971 almost throughout the year. However, in the months of April and October the zone of high concentration (500 μg m⁻³) exceeds the EPA standard. Also, under the most unfavourable meteorological conditions, the estimated high ground-level concentration of sulphur dioxide can reach up to 1000 μg m⁻³ at a distance of 1.25 km from the thermal power plant. This may be attributed to the effect of fumigation.