胞内贮存物聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)的分析方法研究进展

聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)是许多纯种微生物及活性污泥在非平衡生长条件下作为碳源和能源贮存在细胞内的胞内贮存物。PHAs具有可完全生物降解性、生物相容性,可以替代传统的塑料运用于众多领域,因而引起科研领域和工业界的广泛关注。文章主要综述了PHAs分析方法的研究进展,包括PHAs的物理化学性质、生产工艺和定性定量的分析方法。     

Induction of fetal lung maturation with intra-amniotic thyroxine in multiple pregnancy

Two premature triplet pregnancies underwent repeated treatment aimed at acceleration of individual fetal lung maturity while administering intravenous tocolytic treatment. From the early third trimester, repeated amniocenteses were used for intra-amniotic administration of thyroxine to each sac, while the individual fetal lung maturation rate was determined by surfactant microviscosity until lung maturity was achieved.     

磷限制条件下单胞藻胞内磷储量差异机理研究

不同微藻细胞内磷含量的差异,在有害藻华的形成及优势种演替过程中具有重要作用,但对于不同微藻细胞内磷含量的差异的原因仍缺乏了解. 本文采用磷限制培养试验考察了4株典型海洋藻华单胞藻〔三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、多列拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)〕的细胞内磷含量随时间的变化,并利用Droop模型计算了微藻的最大比生长速率(μ_max)与细胞内磷的最小配额(Q_min),分析了Q_min与藻类性状的响应关系. 结果表明:①4种海洋微藻的细胞内磷含量随时间呈先增后减的趋势,并且细胞内磷含量变化的响应时间和响应程度存在种间差异;②4种海洋微藻的Q_min存在差异,其范围为0.71～1.68 μg/g,4种海洋微藻的比生长速率(μ)与其细胞内磷含量(Q)呈正相关;③Q_min与细胞体积呈显著正相关,Q_min与μ_max可能存在一定的相关关系,即μ_max较大的微藻其Q_min较小. 研究显示,与藻体积、μ_max相比,门水平上的差异可能对Q_min影响较小,而Q_min的较大差异可能是藻类对磷具有不同竞争能力的表现,因而在有害藻华形成过程中出现不同微藻优势种演替的现象.      

微塑料对城市污水中胞内和胞外抗性基因的富集特征研究

作为近年来国内外关注的焦点问题,微塑料不仅本身具有生物毒性,还能携带多种污染物构成复合污染.然而目前对于微塑料携带抗性基因的污染特征尚鲜有研究.考察了聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯及再生聚乙烯4种微塑料对城市污水中胞内与胞外抗性基因的富集特征与影响因素.结果表明:4种微塑料对胞外抗性基因的富集倍数在3.12×102~4.07×103之间,显著高于胞内（4.44×101~2.14×103）,且对于同种污水类型,最高能达胞内的13.1倍.微塑料对二沉池出水中抗性基因的富集倍数（2.14×103~4.07×103）显著高于污水厂进水（3.12×102~7.61×102）和活性污泥（4.44×101~5.84×102）.微塑料类型对抗性基因的富集有显著影响,其中聚丙烯的富集能力最强,最高达3.03×1014 copies/g（胞内抗性基因）和6.27×1013 copies/g（胞外抗性基因）;聚苯乙烯对胞外基因的富集倍数高于聚乙烯,而对于胞内基因的富集倍数低于后者;再生聚乙烯与聚乙烯的富集能力无显著差异.微塑料对抗性基因的富集量与微塑料的粒径、浓度均成反比,富集过程遵循准二级动力学模型.研究显示,微塑料能大量富集污水中的抗性基因,特别是胞外抗性基因,从而显著提高抗性基因的迁移能力,增大后续公共健康风险.      

Testosterone: from initiating change to modulating social organisation in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Testosterone (T) concentrations in many species are sensitive to seasonal changes and to changes in social conditions. However, the effect of the natural or endogenous T increase in the juvenile on their social behaviour is not well understood. In this study, T and behaviour were measured from the pro-social juvenile to the adult stage in semi-feral domestic fowl. During the pro-social phase T levels and the distance chicks maintained between each other, i.e. inter-individual distance (IID) were low. Then, as T increased, a corresponding increase in IID occurred and continued in males until dispersal to individual adult male territories. In the new and initially stable adult social structure, T declined and IID remained high, indicating a new behavioural mechanism was in place. Males first mated as T levels were declining. They were then challenged; then T increased, and then IID increased again. Adult male T levels fluctuate, being low or declining in a socially stable environment and increasing following a challenge, suggesting a regulatory or modulating role for T. The results are consistent with T having an endogenous role: in the juvenile, driving behavioural change towards adulthood, and in adulthood, a modulating role regulating social organisation.     

镉对小鼠卵母细胞成熟和体外受精的影响

采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养、体外受精的方法研究了CdCl2对小鼠卵母细胞的生发泡破裂（GVBD）、第一极体释放及体外受精（IVF）的影响．结果表明,CdCl₂对GVBD没有影响,但可以抑制卵母细胞第一极体的释放,影响卵母细胞的存活率并可降低IVF频率CdCl₂影响极体释放和IVF率可能是其对纺锤体的破坏,使得减数分裂不能正常进行,同时还可能影响微丝等细胞骨架成分,阻止正常胞质分裂实验结果还显示,CdCl₂这种抑制作用可能是可逆的,或者仅仅是对减数分裂的延迟作用．     

An analysis of the 1984 locust plague in Australia using multitemporal landsat multispectral data and a simulation model of locust development

An analysis of the 1984 locust (Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)) plague in Australia was undertaken to determine its source region using a simulation model of locust development and whether using appropriately enhanced satellite data, the individual areas that were suitable for locust breeding could be detected within this region. The origin of the 1984 plague was found to be in the Channel Country of south west Queensland, and satellite data indicated that there were localised areas suitable for locust breeding at the appropriate time other than those detected by ground survey. It is concluded that it isfeasible to use satellite data on an operational basis to detect areas suitable for locust breeding by monitoring changes in vegetation condition. Using the locust simulation model, the course of breeding and possible plague development can then be forecast, and ground surveys directed to the areas of interest at the approximate time.     

香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠卵母细胞体外减数分裂的影响

采用小鼠卵母细胞体外培养的方法研究了香烟烟雾水溶物对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂的影响,以检查吸烟对生殖过程的影响。香烟烟雾水溶物可抑制卵母细胞排出第一极体,而不影响生发泡破裂。香烟烟雾水溶物抑制极体排出是由于破坏了细胞内的微丝或微管,使有丝分裂器不能向细胞边缘移动,并抑制了胞质分裂,形成两倍体的卵子。结果表明,吸烟对卵母细胞的减数分裂成熟有破坏作用。     

Estimates of yield loss and virus titre in sorghum hybrids infected with maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B

Sorghum genotypes having the red-leaf reaction to infection by maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B had significantly higher virus concentrations and 33–755 yield reductions. Sorghum having only the mosaic reaction to infection had low virus levels and 0–8% yield reductions.     

《中华人民共和国鼠疫与环境图集》研制的设计思想、原则、方法与结果

全面系统地总结了<中华人民共和国鼠疫与环境图集>的设计思想、研制方法和原则以及图集所揭示的内容和规律首次利用图集的方式进行空间分析,研究我国鼠疫的流行、防治和疫源地特性及其与环境的关系.图集主要由序图组、环境背景图组、世界鼠疫流行及疫源地背景图组、自然疫源地与环境图组、流行图组、宿主分布图组、媒介蚤图组、鼠疫菌生物型图组、防治机构图组和防治效果图组组成.在鼠疫病情数据的处理和病情图的制作、环境背景图的制作和疫源地特征图制作等方面,都力求多层次、多角度和多种方式地表达鼠疫与环境的关系.它客观、科学地反映和阐述了我国200多年来鼠疫流行的空间和时间特征,揭示了我国鼠疫疫源地的分类和分布以及鼠疫菌的质粒组合和生化特性的地域分异规律,并发现鼠疫疫源地的分布和形成与地球化学环境密切相关.     

内源碳PHA的贮存对混合菌群耐低温特性的影响

本文研究碳源调控磷回收强化生物脱氮除磷（biological bio-nutrient removal-carbon regulation and phosphorus recovery,BBNR-CPR）反应器耐低温特性.不断降低BBNR-CPR反应器运行温度,发现BBNR-CPR反应器能够长期在低温（≤15℃）、低C/N比（<4.16）条件下稳定运行,维持总磷的平均去除率为91.20%,氨氮的平均去除率为81.10%,总氮的平均去除率为58.62%.随着运行时间的增加与温度的下降,BBNR-CPR反应器生物内膜具有脱氮除磷以及PHA贮存功能的种属Candidatus_Competibacter、Candidatus_Accumulibacter、Run-SP 154、Thauera、Candidatus_Nitrotoga的相对丰度不断提高,成为耐受低温条件的优势种属.在相同碳源浓度、合成PHA的时间一致的条件下,生物膜内PHA的合成量受温度影响;25、15和8℃合成的PHA量分别占生物膜干重的16.24%、11.49%和9.01%.预贮存PHA的生物膜具有耐受低温的能力;在高PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为97.46%和100%,脱氮效率分别为55.15%和82.55%;而在低PHA水平,8℃和15℃的除磷效率分别为11.39%和35.02%,脱氮效率分别为0%和12.10%.