碳排放权交易的激励性法律规制研究

碳排放权交易制度作为我国应对气候变暖的市场化工具,是减少温室气体排放的有效手段。然而,当前我国碳排放权交易法律规制中存在立法效力等级低、监管制度体系不健全、法律规范激励性不强等问题。以国内碳排放权交易立法现状和需求为视角,运用实证研究方法,指出激励性法律规制是解决上述问题,激发碳市场活力,实现碳中和目标的有效路径。并在此基础上,进一步提出激励性法律规制的完善建议,通过构建碳排放权交易的协同监管模式、完善碳信息披露制度、健全激励性配套措施、实行差异化风险补偿机制等,激发市场主体和监管主体参与碳市场的积极性,实现企业减排行为与政府低碳目标的激励相容。     

中国碳排放交易体系行业覆盖范围研究

气候变化影响着人类的生存和发展,我国政府高度重视气候变化问题,在全球减排的总趋势下,逐步推进碳排放权交易。全国统一碳市场是推进绿色低碳发展的客观要求,碳排放行业覆盖范围的确定是碳排放交易体系的基础工作,研究碳排放交易体系行业覆盖范围对全国碳市场制定纳管行业具有重要意义。通过对欧盟等国外碳排放交易体系行业覆盖的范围和我国七个碳排放交易试点省市行业覆盖范围的分析,发现它们具有一些共同的纳入标准。基于我国的实际情况,考虑行业碳排放量、行业碳排放强度、行业减排成本等因素,确定全国统一碳市场行业选择评价指标体系,构建全国碳排放交易体系纳入行业模型。     

建筑碳排放核算及降碳价值实现机制研究——以河北省为例

建筑领域绿色低碳发展对我国“双碳”目标的实现有重要意义。通过碳排放系数法对河北省建筑的建材生产、建筑施工、建筑运营整个生命周期不同阶段的碳排放进行核算,对河北省2010—2020年建筑进行碳排放趋势分析。研究发现：2010—2020年河北省建筑碳排放呈现波动式增加趋势,河北省建筑碳排放主要由建材生产阶段和运行阶段构成,河北省应着重关注如何降低建材生产阶段和运行阶段的碳排放量。河北省开发建筑降碳产品具有较大的降碳和经济价值潜力。为推动河北省建筑领域实现绿色低碳发展,提出了应建立健全绿色建筑材料研发与应用、建筑节能降碳价值实现交易体系、增强居民节能消费意识和行为、优化能源结构、清洁能源逐步替代化石能源的机制。     

市场型环境规制交互下减污降碳协同增效的效应分析

利用中国减污降碳的主要市场型环境规制政策试点——排污权交易政策和碳排放权交易政策作为准自然实验,本研究基于2003—2018年中国268个地级市的面板数据,运用三重差分模型、空间杜宾模型及嵌套模型,探究减污降碳的政策协同与区域协同效应。研究发现：实施“双权”交易可以对碳排放和PM_2.5减排产生政策协同效应,并促进区域间的协同效应;实施单一的环境规制会对非排放清单的排放物减排产生负面效果,且没有形成区域协同效应;实施“双权”交易可以提高地区绿色全要素生产率,并促进区域间的协同效应。本研究的发现可以为中国推进减污降碳协同效应提供政策启示。     

基于“权额分立”理念的碳排放权性质与相关概念审视

碳排放交易是推动碳减排,实现碳达峰、碳中和的重要政策工具。为提高碳排放交易市场的规范化管理与运营,生态环境部加快了推动碳排放交易市场法治化的步伐。然而《碳排放权交易管理办法（试行）》中用碳排放额度来解释碳排放权,直接影响了学界对碳排放权的性质定位。碳排放权和碳排放配额在碳排放交易机制中所发挥的功能并不相同,有必要确立“权额分立”的理念对碳排放权的性质进行重新检视。在“权额分立”理念下,剥离碳排放配额的碳排放权仅作为一种行政许可权存在,碳排放配额则具有物权性质,两者互不影响。作为行政许可权的碳排放权不具有可交易性,因此,在规范文件中以“碳排放交易”取代“碳排放权交易”较为稳妥;另在碳排放权的概念界定中也应当与碳排放配额相区分。     

统筹推进绿色低碳高质量发展

党的二十大报告提出,推动绿色发展,促进人与自然和谐共生,统筹产业结构调整、污染治理、生态保护、应对气候变化,协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长,推进生态优先、节约集约、绿色低碳发展。绿色低碳发展是习近平生态文明思想的重要内容,是我国生态文明建设的战略路径。自2020年“双碳”目标提出以来,我国已经完成了碳达峰碳中和的顶层设计,建立了“ 1+N”政策体系,制定了中长期温室气体排放控制战略,推进了全国碳排放权交易市场建设,编制实施了国家适应气候变化战略。推进绿色低碳高质量发展需要社会各界共同努力,重点从完善碳排放统计核算方法、推动形成绿色生活方式、加快生产方式绿色转型、推进低碳技术研发应用等方面开展理论研究和实践探索,以期为相关领域绿色低碳发展提供借鉴和指导。     

碳排放权交易对企业全要素生产率的影响及溢出效应——基于空间双重差分模型的实证分析

作为实现国家碳达峰碳中和目标的重要政策工具,碳排放权交易为企业全要素生产率的提升提供了重要契机。尽管现有研究基于多种宏观政策探讨了环境规制的政策效应,但对碳排放权交易提升企业全要素生产率的研究关注不足。文章基于2007—2020年中国制造业上市企业数据,将碳排放权交易试点看作准自然实验,采用空间双重差分模型考察了碳排放权交易政策对制造业企业全要素生产率的影响及溢出效应。研究表明：(1)碳排放权交易政策的实施对制造业企业全要素生产率的提升具有促进作用,且对周边企业产生了正向溢出效应;(2)碳排放权交易政策对轻污染型企业全要素生产率的提升具有正向影响及溢出效应;(3)碳排放权交易政策主要通过政府的减税、市场融资约束的缓解和企业技术创新作用于企业全要素生产率。本文丰富了碳排放权交易对企业全要素生产率的影响研究,为提升企业全要素生产率、实现经济高质量发展提供了经验证据。     

碳达峰政策体系建设的思路与重点任务

我国2030年前实现碳达峰面临巨大压力,需要系统研究构建碳达峰政策体系,为碳达峰提供政策动力。本文分析了我国碳达峰相关政策实施情况,探讨了碳达峰政策创新思路,提出了碳达峰政策体系建设的重点任务以及政策实施保障。以减污降碳为主线,推进低碳发展政策与生态环境保护政策的统筹融合,构建完善以碳排放总量控制为核心的,涵盖行业部门、重点区域地区、减排相关方的,多手段类型相结合的碳达峰政策体系,促进产业、能源、交通结构调整和低碳发展,有效推动重点行业和领域碳排放达峰路径与关键举措的顺利落地。从建立健全碳排放总量控制考评制度、加快构建排污许可证与碳排放管控协同制度、深化能源资源价格机制改革、全面推开碳排放权交易市场等方面提出重点政策建议。     

基于碳普惠制的生活低碳管理研究 ——以雄安新区为例

雄安新区致力于建设成为绿色低碳之城,公众参与低碳生活以减少碳排放是实现这一目标的有效途径,目前还没有适合雄安新区实际情况的生活低碳管理制度.碳普惠制作为碳排放交易权制度的拓展是一种新型减排机制,旨在将公众低碳生活行为量化并赋予价值,以促进公众落实低碳生活,减少生活领域碳排放.在研究分析现有城市碳普惠制实践经验基础上,结...     

排污权交易政策对绿色创新效率的影响研究

在现有环境污染严重的背景下绿色转型成为经济发展的必要,为解决发展中的污染问题政府采取环境规制政策进行干预,环境规制政策的评价标准不仅要保护环境同时也要兼顾经济发展。目前关于检验排污权交易政策对绿色发展的影响研究较少。本文基于中国2004—2018年30个省份面板数据,通过双重差分法（DID）等实证检验排污权交易政策的实施效果和作用机制,并且采用PSM-DID等方法进行稳健性检验。研究发现：排污权交易政策的实施不仅减少了污染物SO₂的排放,而且对工业绿色创新效率具有显著促进作用,有效推动经济可持续发展;通过作用机制分析可知,排污权交易政策提高绿色创新效率的作用途径是加大研发投入,并没有通过调整产业结构提高绿色创新效率;异质性分析表明在强环境规制下排污权政策的实施效果更好。中国政府有必要继续推动建设排污权交易政策的全国化,发挥政府激励作用,促使企业加大研发投入,提升绿色创新效率,推动经济可持续发展。本文从绿色创新效率的新视角检验了排污权交易政策的实施效果,有助于区域绿色发展的同时也为制定和完善排污权交易政策提供借鉴和参考。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.