试论环境民事公益诉讼起诉主体顺位选择

基于现行立法规定的多元起诉主体,本着有利于环境公益诉讼开展、解决诉讼冲突、避免司法资源浪费的原则,依据相应的设立标准,让最合适的主体有机会提起环境民事公益诉讼.首先,设置行政执法前置程序,实现司法权与行政权关系的协调融合.其次,按照环境损害结果的严重程度将案件范围二分,在此基础上根据顺位设计的标准合理划定三类主体的起诉...     

陆海统筹视域下海洋与陆地环境民事公益诉讼协同研究

海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼系特殊与一般的关系,海洋环境问题较强的涉外属性决定了海洋环境民事公益诉讼在适格主体、管辖法院等方面存在特殊的规定,此种特殊规定不宜废除。但海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行的关系造成了海陆交叉污染案件存在适格主体、管辖等争议,且存在两诉协同上的挑战。导致这一问题的根本原因在于,海洋环境民事公益诉讼的受案范围限制在地理概念上的海域,这割裂了同一污染行为下陆地与海洋的联系。陆海统筹理念要求打通陆地与海洋之间的联系,以陆海一体化保护海洋生态环境。在这一理念的指导下,可对海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围进行陆海一体化调整,以克服陆地与海洋环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行造成的协同问题。具体而言,在海陆交叉污染案件中可以损害发生地为判断标准,当损害发生地在海洋时,则以海统陆,属海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围;当损害发生地在陆地时,则以陆统海,属环境民事公益诉讼受案范围。     

环境行政公益诉讼的实践考察及问题检视

环境行政公益诉讼制度作为我国生态文明建设推动下的产物,切合了国家环境治理的新需求。然而,检视环境行政公益诉讼制度发现其存在行政机关履行法定职责标准不明确、举证责任分配不明晰、裁判结果原则化等问题。建议从厘清履行法定职责的认定标准、明确举证责任分配、构建专业化审判团队、主动延伸行政审判职能、强化判决执行效果等方面出发,在实践中推动和深化环境行政公益诉讼的发展。     

构建生态环境损害赔偿磋商与诉讼衔接机制

2017年6月,十二届全国人大常委会第二十八次会议表决通过了关于修改民事诉讼法和行政诉讼法的决定,检察机关提起公益诉讼明确写入这两部法律。自此,我国以立法形式正式确立了检察机关提起公益诉讼制度。8月29日下午,中央全面深化改革领导小组第三十八次会议审议通过《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革方案》。下一步,生态环境损害赔偿制度将在全国推开。加之此前已经明确的社会组织提起公益诉讼制度,在涉及公共生态环境损害诉讼方面,有了三类适格主体,同一生态环境损害案件将可能出现多种索赔主体与赔偿途径。为此,亟须构建科学合理的生态环境损害赔偿磋商与环境公益诉讼衔接机制,本文对此提出了解决思路与途径。     

“三位一体”护航环境公益诉讼

新《环保法》第五十八条对于环境公益诉讼有了明确界定,今年1月6日,最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》)。《解释》对环境民事公益诉讼起诉主体、受理条件、办理程序、责任方式等一系列问题进行了明确,环境公益诉讼立案难、执行难的问题预计会逐步得到解决。"民事诉讼法、新环保法、《解释》中都有针对环境民事公益诉讼的专门章节,这样‘三位一体’,环境公益诉讼今后没有了制度上的障碍。"刘林说道。刘林,安徽高     

环境公益诉讼的困境与出路

目前,我国环境公益诉讼面临起诉难、立案难、如期审理难和信息获取难等问题。为此．应健全相关立法,完善环境公益诉讼的起诉主体制度及与之相关的环境信息公开制度等法律制度;同时推动司法机关依法行使法律解释权;还应落实监督机制,督促司法人员依法审判．解决拖延判决等问题。     

环境行政公益诉讼诉前程序探究

诉前程序与诉讼程序既相互独立,又紧密衔接,在公益诉讼案件中起着督促和过滤的作用.但是目前我国公益诉讼还处在发展初期,行政公益诉讼诉前程序在实践运用中的诸多弊端也逐渐暴露出来:案件线索来源太过单一、行政机关履职标准不明确、检察建议的相关规定不完善等.以行政公益诉讼制度中的诉前程序为研究对象,通过梳理相关法律规定,并结合其...     

论我国环境行政公益诉讼制度之构建

环境行政公益诉讼具有规范行政权力、保护公民环境权、完善行政诉讼制度的价值;在我国构建环境行政公益诉讼已具备了坚实的理论基础、观念基础、法律基础及司法基础.据此,应当着眼于现实国情,在立法上明确规定环境行政公益诉讼制度,同时,从拓宽原告资格、设定复议前置程序、引入禁令判决、以及设定律师强制代理等几方面着手细化环境行政公益诉讼的具体制度设计.     

环境公益诉讼证据保全研究

环境公益诉讼作为一种保护环境的重要途径,在维护公众环境权益中发挥着巨大的作用。在环境公益诉讼中,证据自身的特殊性、保全主体不明确、相关法律制度不完善,导致环境公益受损。因此,有必要对环境公益诉讼时的证据保全问题进行探讨,明确环境公益诉讼的证据保全主体、方式、条件,增设环境公益诉讼诉前证据保全制度。     

我国环境公益诉讼的原告资格研究——基于检察机关的诉讼资格分析

<正>2014年,党的十八届四中全会提出"探索建立检察机关提起公益诉讼制度",检察机关作为我国的法律监督机关,具有公民个人、社会组织所不具有的优势,赋予检察机关提起环境公益诉讼的主体资格对于保护弱势群体、实现社会公平正义具有重要意义,也是当前大多数法治国家的普遍做法。在实践中,检察机关提起公益诉讼的案件已多次出现。然而我国法律对于检察机关提起环境公益诉讼制度却未有明确规定,因而探索建立检察机关参与环境公益诉讼制度是我国经济社会发展的必然选择。     

Environmental flows for rivers and economic compensation for irrigators

Securing flows for environmental purposes from an already fully utilized river is an impossible task--unless users are either coerced into freeing up water, or offered incentives to do so. One sensible strategy for motivating users to liberate volumes is to offer them economic compensation. The right amount for that compensation then becomes a key environmental management issue. This paper analyses a proposal to restore and maintain ecosystems on a stretch of the Río Conchos in northern Mexico, downstream from a large irrigation district that consumes nearly all local flows. We present here estimates of environmental flow requirements for these ecosystems and compute compensation figures for irrigators. These figures are derived from crop-specific irrigation water productivities we statistically estimate from a large set of historical production and irrigation data obtained from the district. This work has general implications for river ecosystem management in water-stressed basins, particularly in terms of the design of fair and effective water sharing mechanisms.     

Social Demand for Ecosystem Services and Implications for Watershed Management

We performed a sociocultural preference assessment for a suite of ecosystem services provided by the Kiamichi River watershed in the south‐central United States, a region with intense water conflict. The goal was to examine how a social assessment of services could be used to weigh tradeoffs among water resource uses for future watershed management and planning. We identified the ecosystem services beneficiaries groups, analyzed perception for maintaining services, assessed differences in the importance and perceived trends for ecosystem services, and explored the perceived impact on ecosystem services arising from different watershed management scenarios. Results show habitat for species and water regulation were two ecosystem services all beneficiaries agreed were important. The main discrepancies among stakeholder groups were found for water‐related services. The identification of potential tradeoffs between services under different flow scenarios promotes a dynamic management strategy for allocating water resources, one that mitigates potential conflicts. While it is widely accepted the needs of all beneficiaries should be considered for the successful incorporation of ecosystem services into watershed management, the number of studies actually using the sociocultural perspective in ecosystem service assessment is limited. Our study demonstrates it is both possible and useful to quantify social demand of ecosystem services in watershed management.     

Procedure for assessing visual quality for landscape planning and management

Incorporation of aesthetic considerations in the process of landscape planning and development has frequently met with poor results due to its lack of theoretical basis, public involvement, and failure to deal with spatial implications. This problem has been especially evident when dealing with large areas, for example, the Adirondacks, Scenic Highways, and National Forests and Parks. This study made use of public participation to evaluate scenic quality in a portion of the Niagara Escarpment in Southern Ontario, Canada. The results of this study were analyzed using thevisual management model proposed by Brown and Itami (1982) as a means of assessing and evaluating scenic quality. Themap analysis package formulated by Tomlin (1980) was then applied to this assessment for the purpose of spatial mapping of visual impact. The results of this study illustrate that it is possible to assess visual quality for landscape/management, preservation, and protection using a theoretical basis, public participation, and a systematic spatial mapping process.     

On accounting for sustainable development and accounting for the environment

Economic sustainability or intergenerational equity entails maintaining social well-being by decisions about investments in different types of assets. Under certain conditions, consumption can be sustained by depleting resources, or various kinds of natural capital, while building up other kinds of capital. Theoretically, the choices involve the use of a set of accounting prices. The question becomes one of finding and implementing accounting prices that express the roles of the various capital goods in achieving the objective of the economy.Hartwick's rule holds that an economy can be sustained if the value of the total, net investment in the economy, evaluated at those accounting prices, is zero. The rule applies to a special, abstract economic model which expresses a social objective different from the discounted-utilitarian objective on which national accounting is based. Different objectives give rise to different accounting prices. Because the prices may not be right, the zero net-investment rule using available national-accounting prices cannot generate a condition for sustaining an economy.Still, environmental accounting is a tool which, used prudently, can make an important contribution to social decision-making. This paper expands upon these ideas by discussing the incorporation of natural resource and intangible environmental costs and benefits into green accounting at the firm as well as the economy level. Common techniques of mine valuation and standard corporate accounting are the bases for this extension to the valuation of and accounting for decisions concerning the environment.     

瑞典的生态税收及对我国的借鉴

瑞典的生态税收规模较大,种类较多,并具有特色,主要是对能源及其他与环境有关的税基的征税。近年我国能源的消耗量逐渐增大,以及废旧电池等对环境污染较大,应该借鉴瑞典的经验,开征独立的环境保护税,并配合其他措施,将取得的税收用于环境的保护。     

Vehicular air pollution and asthma: implications for education for health and environmental sustainability

Studies show a direct relationship between occurrence of asthma and increases of particulate matter in the air. Private transportation is found to be a significant contributor to this problem. The objective of this article is to explore this link between air pollution, asthma and vehicular dependency in order to provide recommendations for health and transport policy. This article focuses on the survey of literature on the relationship between vehicular air pollution and asthma; combining it with the literature on vehicular dependency or ‘car culture’ in the global context and in The Netherlands. This article exposes the imbalance of power between patient groups and polluting industries, and the government failure to protect the weaker party can be explained by corporate pressures. It will be argued that since air pollution is tied to the corporate support for the car industry and vested interests in promoting a ‘car culture’, strategic policy that claims to be concerned with public health should explicitly link the present pattern of mobility to public health. This article concludes with a recommendation for raising environmental health awareness by explicitly linking vehicular dependency to respiratory health through a combination of holistic and citizenship education.     

A Suggestion for an Improved Vegetation Scheme for Local and Global Mapping and Monitoring

The next stage in the process will be to obtain the views of as many people working in as many different fields as possible, to see whether the proposed scheme suits their needs and how it should be modified. With a few modifications, such a scheme could easily be appended to an existing land cover classification scheme, such as the FAO system, greatly increasing the usefulness and accessability of the results of the landcover classification.     

Proposal for a Transatlantic Platform for Consumer Concerns and International Trade

Consumer concerns pop up. They are relatedto the safety of agrifood products for people, foranimals, and for the environment as well as the socialand ethical implications of certain agrifoodproduction methods. At first sight, the WTO agreementand the SPS and TBT agreements appear to offersufficient legal scope to deal with these concerns andresolve trade conflicts. The events of recent years,however, have shown the limitations of theseagreements in dealing with cultural differencesbetween nations and in dealing with the social andpolitical pressure on national governments to lay downrestrictive, trade distorting measures. It is vitalthat we consider the dynamic relationship betweennational governments, civil society, and the market.In the United States, Canada, and Europe, thisrealization is growing. We propose that these issuesshould be studied by experts in several disciplines:technical experts, hygiene experts and veterinarians,public administration experts, lawyers, philosophers,ethicists, sociologists, and, of course, economists.To unite these disciplines and provide a platform fordiscussion in the light of international tradeliberalisation, the cultural identity of distinctcommunities, and the functioning of the democraticnation state an international network is needed. Wetherefore propose establishing a network to explorethe issues and dynamics described above. The networkshould be international and interdisciplinary withparticipants, initially, from science and government.The purpose of the network would be to present newperspectives to the negotiating parties in the nextWTO round. The first steps to development of thisnetwork have since been taken and an initial group hasbeen established.