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PAC和PASS对印染废水的混凝效果研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
主要研究PAC和PASS混凝剂对高浓度和低浓度印染废水的混凝处理效果。确定了PAC处理高浓度印染废水(pH:4.39;色度:18750倍;COD:6480;浊度:1462)的最佳pH、混凝时间、投药量为5~7、8min、24mL/L;PASS处理低浓度印染废水(pH:10.16;色度:2020倍;COD:168;浊度:36.4)的最佳pH、混凝时间、投药量为6~7、15min、12mL/L。PAC处理高浓度的印染废水效果较好,处理低浓度印染废水的效果较差;PASS处理低浓度印染废水的处理效果比PAC要好。 相似文献
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《四川环境》2018,(5)
液相化学还原法制备纳米银是近些年的研究热点之一,但工艺过程产生的工业废水处理问题未有关注。首次采用钡盐沉淀法处理纳米银工业废水,考察了反应温度、p H值、钡盐种类等因素对废水COD (化学需氧量)及色度去除率的影响。其最佳工艺条件如下:反应温度15℃,初始p H值10. 5,反应时间1h,每100mL废水投加二水氯化钡8g;废水COD去除率为85. 6%,色度去除率高达97. 1%。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)等表明:纳米银工业废水中存在醌-氢醌类化合物,此羟基醌类化合物可与溶液中的钡离子反应生成沉淀而得以去除;另外,新生成的硫酸钡细微颗粒带正电,絮凝沉降过程对废水中的羟基醌类化合物存在吸附作用。 相似文献
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水基钻井压滤液富含各类有机添加剂,色度大、矿化度高、处理难,严重影响生态环境的安全性。文章分析了某油田废水基钻井压滤液的性质,利用自制和市售的季铵盐型水处理剂对其处理,考察了两种药剂投加量对压滤液色度、总有机碳(TOC)、化学需氧量(COD)、阴离子的处理效果。结果表明,在投加量为6 mL/L时,色度、TOC、COD达到最佳去除率,分别为98.01%,54.1%和29.9%,对阴离子SO42-和Cl-的去除率分别达到40.6%和21.9%。Zeta电位结果表明,自制型水处理剂能对胶体发生电中和作用,长链结构能起到吸附和架桥作用,有效实现了污染物的快速絮凝沉降。此外,与购置的水处理剂性能及药剂成本对比,发现合成的水处理剂具有更好的处理效果,并展现出低廉的药剂成本。 相似文献
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催化氧化法在钻井废水处理中的应用 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
在油气田深井钻探过程中产生的钻井液,经固-液分离处理后产生的废水具有化学需氧量高、色度高、矿化度高、含油量高等特点,须进一步进行处理。采用Fenton试剂对钻井废水进行了催化氧化处理实验。结果表明,处理后, 废水中化学需氧量(COD)去除率可达82%,色度去除率为98.5%。H2O2/Fe2+投量摩尔比、H2O2/初始COD摩尔比、pH值和反应时间对废水COD、色度的去除率均有较大影响。用Fenton试剂催化氧化工艺处理聚磺体系钻井废水还具有处理效率高、操作简便、适用范围广等优点。 相似文献
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《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2017,(6)
采用臭氧高级氧化技术对某染料废水进行处理,探究不同条件对染料废水COD以及色度的去除效果的影响,确定最佳工艺条件。在最佳条件下,采用单独臭氧、单独紫外、臭氧-紫外、臭氧-双氧水以及臭氧-铁炭五种氧化方法对染料废水进行处理。结果表明:臭氧氧化技术最佳条件为pH值=8,臭氧流量80 L/h,反应时间为2 h;采用最佳处理方案,采用臭氧-紫外高级氧化技术处理染料废水,其脱色率为98.3%,COD去除率为67.0%。 相似文献
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A. U. Mallik 《Environmental management》1995,19(5):675-684
Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into
heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil
acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed
habitats.
If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged
unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest
vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation
shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation. 相似文献
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Donald L. Chery Calvin G. Clyde Roger E. Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(4):1126-1145
ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m2) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft3/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m3/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes. 相似文献
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Pickett ST Cadenasso ML Grove JM Boone CG Groffman PM Irwin E Kaushal SS Marshall V McGrath BP Nilon CH Pouyat RV Szlavecz K Troy A Warren P 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(3):331-362
Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs. 相似文献
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Justin D. Burdine 《Local Environment》2018,23(2):198-219
Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered. 相似文献
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Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Christopher Carrier Ajay Kalra Sajjad Ahmad 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(6):1351-1366
In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management. 相似文献
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Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions. 相似文献
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Calvin P. C. Poon Frank J. DeLuise 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1967,3(4):26-35
Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality. 相似文献
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Kathryn Paxton George 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1988,1(3):175-192
The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987. 相似文献
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Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source. 相似文献
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Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling
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Joseph Domagalski Dina Saleh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(6):1463-1486
The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams. 相似文献