水体酸化对藻类影响的初步研究

通过综合生态模拟(微宇宙)试验和藻类生物测试,研究了水体酸化对藻类的影响,结果表明,水体酸化对藻类有明显的抑制作用。48h-EC50和96h-EC50(对斜生栅藻)分别为pH4.45和4.65,当pH≥5.5时,藻类的光合作用对酸度具有很强的缓冲能力。当pH<5.0时,缓冲能力较弱。低pH对淡水生态系统的阈值处在5.0—5.5间,pH5.5可推荐为水体酸化标准。研究了两个小型酸化水体(pH4.7)中的藻类群落特征。     

重庆地区酸化水体中的浮游生物

对我国重酸雨区重庆市郊六个不同酸度水体中的藻类和浮游动物进行调查和比较的结果表明，酸化水体（ＰＨ＜５．０）中的藻类和浮游动物的种类数分别较同一地区正常水体的少４１．８８％５０．０％；细胞或个体密度分别较正常水体的少７０．０％和３４－６７％。轻度酸化水体（６．０＞ＰＨ＞５．０）的上述指标亦较正常水体的低，但不如酸化水体的明显。     

我国酸雨地区水体会酸化吗——重庆水体酸化的调查

调查结果表明:重庆地区已出现酸化水体,水体 pH 值可低至4.57,ANC 低至77.92μg/L。酸化原因主要与酸沉降、集水区土壤及植被等有关。重庆的水体酸碱度的分布规律大致与土壤酸碱度分布一致。海拔在500m 以下的水体 pH 值多在7～8之间,甚至大于8,且 ANC 和HCO_3~-都高,有较强的缓冲性。而海拔500m 以上的水体,pH 值小于7.0,缓冲能力弱,在长期的酸沉降影响下,由于其集水区土壤缺乏缓冲能力,最终水体将面临进一步酸化。     

城市小型河涌原位修复治理技术探讨

本文以某污染河涌为研究对象进行原位复育的治理试验,采用增氧-酸化-激活生物-定置养护等4个单元组合的治理方法,对水体水质进行治理和一定程度上的生态修复,为河涌治理研究提供一个实例依据。试验期平均水温15°C,治理河段长度1200m,原水流速控制在0.03m/s以下,水质COD、色度、NH3-N浓度范围分别为167～263mg/L、143～227PCU、28.3～35.6mg/L。综合出水水质:pH 6-9、COD 56mg/L、色度29.7PCU、NH3-N 10.6mg/L。     

三种有机磷萃取剂对水生生物的毒性效应

通过３种有机磷萃取剂：甲基磷酸二仲辛酯（P350）、异辛基磷酸单异辛酯（P507）和磷酸二异辛酸（P204）对不同营养级水平的单种生物：藻类（斜生棚藻）、草履虫（尾草履虫）、类（大型）、鱼类（鱼苗）的毒性试验,结果表明：３种有机磷萃取剂的毒性效应浓度（半致死浓度或半抑制浓度）为P350：0.40～9.30mg/L,P507：23.32～112.00mg/L,P204：59.50～138.00mg/L;毒性强弱的顺序为P350＞P507＞P204;建议把P350、P507、P204在水体中的安全浓度暂分别定为0.04mg/L、2.33mg/L和4.71mg/L。     

淀山湖氮磷营养物长期变化规律及其对藻类增长影响研究

为深入认识淀山湖生态环境状况,从淀山湖20a的监测数据和藻类增长潜力试验(AGP)的试验结果入手,结合20a的遥感影像资料,采用时间序列分析法、方差分析、概率分布和箱线图等描述统计方法,分析了淀山湖氮磷营养物的长期变化规律及其对藻类演替和增长的影响.结果表明,从1985年第1次大规模藻类水华算起,经过15a的营养物积累,在1999～2000年之间,淀山湖由中度富营养化湖泊逐渐转化为重度富营养化湖泊;1999年之后淀山湖水体氮磷营养物大量聚集,叶绿素a水平迅速提高,分别以1999年前速率的2.25、6.67、3.40倍上升.其中以磷的上升速率为最快;透明度则以平均每年递减5cm的速度下降.藻类群落转化为以绿藻和蓝藻为主,藻类水华的频率为1999年前的2～3倍.当水体TN浓度超过3.5 mg/L时.AGP试验不再有任何显著性反应.氮和铁可能共同限制藻类增长.研究证明,淀山湖已经具备暴发大规模,大面积蓝藻水华的条件,水体TN浓度超过临界值(＞3.5 mg/L)的频次越多,淀山湖暴发蓝藻水华的可能性越大.     

宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域营养状况评价及生物修复策略

根据2007年1月-2007年11月4个航次对宁波南沙港网箱养殖水域水体营养盐（NO2--N、NO3--N、NH 4＋-N和PO34--P）含量的监测结果,利用营养指数E法对水体的富营养化状态进行了评价。根据网箱养殖系统物质平衡方程和现场调查实验数据,估算了南沙港网箱养殖水域的氮磷污染负荷,以溶解态氮作为平衡指标,估算了鱼藻类合理的配比模式。结果表明,南沙港水体中NO2--N、NO3--N、NH4＋-N、PO4-P含量年变化范围分别为0.26μmol/L～4.86μmol/L,33.93μmol/L～82.86μmol/L,0.59μmol/L～7.86μmol/L,1.47μmol/L～2.97μmol/L,不同养殖区之间营养盐含量差异不显著（p〈0.05）;营养指数E值年变化范围介于2.41～15.99之间,表明该港水体处于重度富营养化状态;养殖区N/P值的年平均值为32.95,表明南沙港海区是一个氮过剩的养殖系统。南沙港网箱养殖水域氮、磷的负荷量分别为70.43 t/a和5.96 t/a,其中溶解态氮、磷负荷量分别为49.3 t/a和2.38 t/a;南沙港的藻类养殖面积需要在现有基础上再扩大0.44倍,达到107.52 ha,才可以与网箱养殖系统的氮磷污染负荷构成平衡;网箱养殖个数与藻类养殖面积（ha）的合理配比约为1∶0.027。     

天目湖水质演变及富营养化状况研究

为了解长江中下游地区濒临城市的湖泊型水库富营养化情况并在此基础上提出治理对策,选择了具有代表性的旅游景区天目湖（沙河水库）为研究对象,在2006年对其水质情况进行了每月1次的周年调查, 2007年5月～2007年12月又进行了隔月1次的水质调查. 2006年调查结果表明,水体总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的平均浓度分别为1.49 mg/L和0.06 mg/L,较2001～2002年分别增长了2.7倍和2.0倍;水体高锰酸盐指数的平均值为3.68 mg/L,比2001～2002年稍有增加;水体透明度（SD）的平均值为1.2 m,比2001～2002年下降了25 cm, 2006年藻类生物量平均值为46.39 mg/L.天目湖已经由2001～2002年的中-中富营养化状态转变为2006年的中富营养化状态.根据2006年水质调查结果以及沉积物、渔业生产、浮游生物、底栖生物等综合调查结果提出并实施了天目湖的治理方案,即必须采取措施控制农业面源、入湖河流、旅游业等外源性污染以及降低水土流失造成的入湖悬浮物质含量以提高水体透明度,从湖泊外源、内源以及湖泊生态系统的物质循环三者之间的关系着手制定天目湖治理方案. 2007年水体TN的平均浓度为1.25 mg/L;TP平均浓度为0.05 mg/L;藻类生物量平均值为22.56 mg/L. 2007年的再次调查结果表明这些措施的实施对水体营养盐含量以及浮游生物量的降低已初见成效.     

水解酸化-接触氧化在处理石油化工废水中的应用

采用水解酸化+接触氧化工艺处理镇江新区某石油化工厂废水。设计总处理水量120m3/d,其中原浓废水20m3/d,出水回流100m3/d;设计进水水质:高浓度有机废水CODCr9000mg/L以上,pH5～9,混合后废水CODCr约1500mg/L,pH6～8;设计出水水质:CODCr≤130mg/L,pH6～9。实际出水CODCr为123.29mg/L;CODCr平均去除率为92.04%,处理后出水可达标排放。     

三峡水库大宁河回水区藻类生长与三态磷盐变化特征分析

多年的调查数据表明,每年的3～6月是大宁河回水区水体营养盐及藻类含量增长期。在2011年3—6月对大宁河回水区整个区域的调查过程中发现,水体磷盐含量从回水区上游至入长江河口逐渐增大,总磷0．010～0．257mg／L,溶解性磷0．010～0．208mg／L,正磷酸盐0．010～0．179mg／L;磷盐3个指标中,正磷酸盐变异性最大（各断面59％～85％）,能够较好地反映藻类消耗磷盐的情况。正磷酸盐和藻类生物量呈显著负相关关系,且在自然水体中有明显分层。在室内培养条件下采用线性关系粗略分析,藻类能在水体正磷酸盐含量较低时释放和转化磷盐,其藻类生物量理论极限容量值略高于天然状态。室内培养藻类发现,藻类生长过程中先是个体的增长,之后数量增殖,但平均体积会变小。藻类生长活性有一个由强到弱然后再增强的过程,而较低正磷酸盐浓度会抑制藻类的生物活性使其一直处于一个较低的水平。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.