贵州赫章含煤岩系地层放射性水平调查

选取贵州赫章含煤岩系地层为研究对象,研究γ辐射剂量率、土壤氡气析出率,原煤、煤渣、土壤和水体(238U、232Th、226Ra、40K)的分布特征。结果表明,研究区γ辐射剂量率为43.10~323.24 nGy/h,小于520 nGy/h;原煤、煤渣和土壤的最大外照射指数Iγ分别为0.65、0.74和0.82,均未超过剂量限值1;赫章达依乡和六曲乡土壤氡浓度平均值分别为6 810 Bq/m~3和7 150 Bq/m~3,绝大多数小于20 000 Bq/m~3;区内含煤岩系地层的放射性核素和土壤氡析出率对环境影响较小。赫章含煤岩系地层原煤、煤渣和土壤样品中放射性核素238U、232Th、226Ra、40K多数低于贵州省土壤放射性核素背景值和我国土壤放射性核素背景值。通过单因子指数法对研究区放射性水平进行评价,多属无污染状态,水体放射性水平多数低于我国自来水标准。     

巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用水中放射性及健康风险

为了解巴彦乌拉铀矿周围居民饮用水中放射性水平及其存在的健康风险,开采前采集了铀矿周围37份井水饮用水样品并测量了总α、总β放射性水平和放射性核素~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的活度浓度.采用世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐的方法计算了饮用井水引起的成人年有效剂量,利用美国环保部(USEPA)提出的致癌风险因子评估了居民终身健康风险,同时将测量结果与其它国家饮用水中放射性水平进行了对比分析.结果表明,巴彦乌拉铀矿周围饮用水中总α和总β平均值分别为1.059Bq/L和0.624Bq/L,其中分别有81.1%和5.4%样品中总放射性超出了WHO推荐的筛选值0.5Bq/L(总α)和1.0Bq/L(总β).饮用水中~(238)U、~(232)Th、~(226)Ra和~(40)K的活度浓度分别为(2.349±1.593)、(0.058±0.041)、(0.070±0.057)和(0.571±0.419)Bq/L.铀矿周围居民通过饮水产生的全年累计有效剂量为0.104m Sv/a.终生接触情形下居民经饮用水中的放射性暴露引起的终身致癌风险为2.4×10-11.巴彦乌拉铀矿周围居民饮用水中放射性活度浓度处于正常水平,对周围居民产生的健康风险非常低.     

泉州市环境放射性水平调查

报道了福建省泉州市环境放射性水平调查方法和结果。调查结果表明 :(1)泉州市原野γ辐射剂量率为 72 .3～ 16 5 .1n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值为 111.5 n Gy/ h和 110 .9n Gy/ h,高于福建省的平均值 (分别为 92 .6 n Gy/ h和87.1n Gy/ h) ,是 UNSCEAR1982年报告中给出的世界陆地γ辐射剂量率按人口加权均值 (5 0 n Gy/ h)的 2 .2 2倍。(2 )泉州市道路γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 6 5 .8～ 14 9.5 n Gy/ h,均值 113.7n Gy/ h,略高于福建省均值 10 6 .4 n Gy/ h。 (3)泉州市建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率测值范围为 12 8.9～ 2 86 .3n Gy/ h,按测点和人口加权均值分别为 190 .7n Gy/ h和 188.5 n Gy/h。不同建筑材料建筑物室内天然γ辐射剂量率由高到低的顺序依次为花岗石房 >砖与混凝土房 >煤渣砖房 >砖木、土木房。(4)泉州市天然γ辐射、宇宙和线射天然贯穿辐射所致居民人均年有效剂量当量分别为 1.0 5 m Sv、0 .16 m Sv和1.2 1m Sv,全区集体年有效剂量当量分别为 0 .76× 10 4人· Sv,0 .12× 10 4人·Sv,0 .88× 10 4人· Sv。(5 )土壤中 2 2 6 Ra、2 32 Th、4 0 K含量均值分别为 71.3Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、6 8.8Bq/ kg、94 3.7Bq/ kg。(6 )地下水中2 2 6 Ra、U、Th、Rn浓度均值分别为 31.9m Bq/ L、0 .5     

新疆核试验场周围地区主要食品中~(90)Sr(锶)、~(137)Cs(铯)水平及其所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆核试验场周围地区9个调查区17种主要食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs含量分别为1.1～72.3,0.3～40.7×10~(-2)B_q·Kg~(-1);3个对照区分别为1.6～68.4,0.6～27.4×10~(-2)B_q·K_g~(-1)。两地区同类食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs平均含量基本一致。调查区~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs所致成年居民有效剂量当量值分别为2μSV(集体剂量当量为30.0人· SV);0.3μSV(4.5人· SV)。对照区分别为2.2μSV(集体剂量当量为20.9人·SV);0.4μSV(3.0人·SV)。可见我国核试验产生的~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs对核试验场周围地区食品没有造成明显的局部污染,所致居民剂量当量负担仅为我国天然外照射所致年有效剂量当量(952μSV)的0.2％和0.03％。对该地区的广大居民健康不会产生有害的影响。     

平顶山矿区煤场洒水降尘效益显著

平顶山属典型的煤烟型污染城市。根据平顶山市环境质量报告,1981年平顶山市大气降尘量平均每月为72.7t/km~2·月(工业区高达277t/km~2·月),总悬浮物微粒年日均达2190ug/m~2。1990年大气降尘量月平均下降到28.78t/km~2·月,总悬浮微粒年日平均下降到613ug/m~2,但是仍然超过国家卫生标准3倍多。     

某轮胎厂核技术应用项目放射性检测评价分析

对某轮胎厂核技术应用项目开展放射性检测及评价分析,为该项目放射防护设施竣工验收提供技术依据。根据有关标准要求进行放射卫生学调查、放射性检测及评价。该项目存在放射性危害因素有X射线、β射线及β表面污染。正常运行状态下,距X射线轮胎检验机房外表面30cm处的周围剂量当量率为0.11μSv/h,距自动计量控制系统5cm、100cm处的周围剂量当量率分别为2.83μSv/h、0.29μSv/h,β表面污染水平小于0.06Bq/cm2。放射工作人员个人剂量当量最大值为0.86mSv/a。放射工作场所辐射水平满足标准要求,放射工作人员年有效剂量满足职业照射年剂量限值及管理目标值,该项目放射防护设施达到竣工验收条件。     

昌江核电站运营前附近海域总β放射性水平

在昌江核电站运营前,研究人员对其附近海域做了水质、沉积物和海洋生物总β放射性调查,并与我国其他海域及昌江核电站周围的陆地环境做了对比。结果表明:（1）海水样品总β比活度范围为0.040～0.074 Bq/L,平均值为0.054 Bq/L,与渤海、黄海、东海、南海近海、大亚湾核电站等海域相比,昌江核电站海域海水中总β放射性水平相对较低;（2）表层沉积物中总β比活度范围为257～925 Bq/kg,平均值为653 Bq/kg,研究海域沉积物中总β放射性水平与香港、青岛、阳江等海域水平相当;（3）海洋生物样品中总β比活度范围为8.7～63.8 Bq/kg,平均值为48.0 Bq/kg,海鱼类、虾类和贝类体内总β平均值分别为56.7 Bq/kg、63.4 Bq/kg和24.0 Bq/kg,鱼类和虾类明显大于贝类。本研究可为今后科学、合理地评价核电站运行对海洋环境的影响提供重要的数据支撑。     

单效真空蒸发器处理硫酸铜母液的研究

沈阳冶炼厂铜电解车间净液工段,是以净化电解精炼铜过程中的废电解液为目的,同时生产硫酸铜(CuSO_4·5H_2O)和硫酸镍(NiSO_4·6H_2O)副产品。解放后经过多次改造和扩建,现在已具有一套比较先进的工艺流程和生产设备。其生产能力已达到年产硫酸铜3500t/y(吨/年),硫酸镍150t/y,日净液量达到40m~3/d左右。     

高盐高氮榨菜废水生物脱氮试验研究

针对榨菜生产过程中产生的高盐高氮废水,探讨了在高盐条件下有机负荷、氮负荷、DO、pH等因素对SBBR反应器脱氮效能的影响.研究结果表明,在SBBR反应器中接种从榨菜腌制废水中筛选出的耐盐菌后,可使反应器对高盐废水具有良好的适应性,同时镜检发现其生物膜中存在大量丝状菌;反应器具有较强的同时硝化反硝化能力,有机负荷、氮负荷、DO、pH等因素对反应器脱氮效能的影响显著;研究得出其最优运行参数为有机负荷小于1·0kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)、氮负荷小于0·15kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)、DO大于5mg·L~(-1)、进水pH大于7及温度大于20℃,在此条件下可使进水盐度(以NaCl计)为2%、CODCr为3500mg·L~(-1),TN为530mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N为150mg·L~(-1)的榨菜废水,其出水CODCr小于80mg·L~(-1)、NH_4~+-N小于3mg·L~(-1)、TN小于16mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率分别为98%和96%。     

深圳市大气气溶胶中~(210)Po的比活度及其辐照剂量

研究了深圳市大气颗粒物中~(210)Po的放射性比活度及其对人体所致辐照剂量.深圳大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和PM_(2.5)中~(210)Po的比活度变化范围为0.01~0.20m Bq/m~3(平均0.08mBq/m~3)和0.03~0.38mBq/m~3(平均0.12mBq/m~3).研究发现,大气~(210(Po比活度与大气PM_(2.5)含量呈显著的正相关关系,而与降雨呈弱负相关,认为大气颗粒物是影响大气~(210)Po含量的重要因素.由呼吸摄入~(210)Po所致人体的年均待积有效剂量为4.53×10~(-6)Sv.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.