悬浮颗粒物在河道滞留塘系统中的沉降与沉积特性

河道滞留塘系统是以颗粒物沉降为污染物主要净化机理的污染河流净化技术。通过1年的现场试验研究，考察了悬浮颗粒物SS在滞留塘中的沉降和沉积特性。在本试验条件下，随水力停留时间（HRT）延长（HRT为1．5-7h），SS平均去除率逐渐增加，介于20％-40％之间，而SS去除速率则快速降低，SS去除速率与进水SS浓度成正比关系；不同季节河水中SS的沉降性能有较大差异，冬季河水中有机物含量较低的易沉降颗粒物比例较春秋季河水的为高，滞留塘HRT的选择应以去除易沉降颗粒物为标准，本研究条件下5h以内是适宜的HRT选择范围。在滞留塘动态运行中，SS的沿程沉积量呈指数规律下降。     

厌氧折流板反应器—生物接触氧化组合工艺处理生活污水研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)-生物接触氧化组合工艺(以下简称组合工艺)进行生活污水处理试验研究,确定最佳水力停留时间(HRT),在此基础上考察组合工艺对生活污水COD、SS和TN的去除效果。结果表明:(1)组合工艺最佳反应条件为组合工艺HRT 20h(ABR段HRT 15h,生物接触氧化池段HRT 5h)、温度14℃。(2)在最佳反应条件下,组合工艺对生活污水COD、SS具有良好的去除效果,COD、SS去除率平均分别为81.0%、95.8%;对生活污水TN去除效果较差,去除率平均仅为64.7%。     

上海市排水系统雨天出流及地表径流沉降特性初探

实际SS沉降特性是雨水池、沉淀池设计及优化运行的重要参数.采用累积曲线法测定了上海市典型排水系统雨天出流和地表径流的SS沉降特性.结果表明:地表径流中SS的2 h沉降去除率为58%～88%,且SS沉降去除率随SS初始质量浓度增加呈递增趋势;各类排水系统雨天出流中SS沉降速率和沉降去除率在合流制中相对较大,分流制相对较小,混接的分流制介于前两者之间,SS沉降去除率均在50%以上;合流制中COD的2 h沉降去除率为50%～80%.     

水解酸化-好氧生物流化床工艺处理龙须草制浆废水

采用水解酸化-好氧生物流化床工艺处理龙须草制浆废水,试验研究结果表明,水解酸化阶段的最佳条件为水力停留时间(HRT)8 h,CODcr容积负荷1.5 kg/(m3·d);好氧阶段最佳条件为HRT 10 h,CODcr容积负荷0.65 kg/)m3·d),温度20～30℃,pH 7.0～7.5.在进水CODcr浓度为10 g/L左右的情况下,出水CODcr为1g/L左右,出水悬浮物SS在300mg/L左右,SV接近4%.同时,对试验中存在的问题和今后的研究方向作了讨论.     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

人工湿地生物降固池对悬浮物及总氮的净化效果

通过植物泥培筛选实验、植物密度实验和水力停留时间优化实验对4种沉水植物进行筛选并研究了植物的最佳种植密度和生物降固装置对水体悬浮物和总氮的净化效果。结果表明:穗花狐尾藻适应能力较强,在北方冬季低温环境下仍能继续生长;种植密度为100株·m-2的穗花狐尾藻对悬浮物的吸附和截留作用最明显;生物降固装置最佳HRT为6~8 h。在HRT为6 h条件下,植物组对悬浮物的去除率为78.6%,比对照组高39%;总氮去除率为8.9%,说明生物降固装置可以有效截留、吸附悬浮物,但在较短HRT条件下对总氮吸附作用不明显。悬浮物达到同样去除效果,生物降固装置比自然沉降需要的时间少2~4 h。同时,种植水生植物的生物降固装置对总氮有一定的去除效果,降低人工湿地进水氮负荷。     

青萍生长特征及其对受污染河水的修复效果

以浮萍优势品种青萍（Lemna minor）为研究对象,开展受污染河水修复。分析了青萍在不同营养盐浓度条件下的生长特征,探讨了青萍对受污染河水的修复效果。在表面积为0.0095 m2的限制空间条件下,青萍在1、2和5 mg总氮（TN）/L营养液中的生长特征都能较好地服从Logistic生长模型,受制约的临界鲜重（FW）分别为1.20、1.36和1.36 g;青萍对受污染河水中氮磷污染物具有较好的去除效果,氨氮（NH＋4-N）的平均去除率、平均去除量和平均去除速率分别为56.87%、1.22 mg/d和0.0466 mg/（g FW·h）,正磷酸盐（PO3-4-P）的平均去除率、平均去除量和平均去除速率分别为66.95%、0.25 mg/d和0.0088 mg/（g FW·h）。根据相关性分析,进水NH＋4-N和PO3-4-P浓度与其对应去除量之间极显著相关;青萍FW与NH＋4-N去除速率之间显著负相关,但与PO3-4-P去除速率之间不存在显著相关性;NH＋4-N进水浓度与去除速率相关性不显著,但PO3-4-P进水浓度与去除速率显著正相关。     

两段式生物膜-膜生物反应器的试验研究

试验对传统两段式生物反应器(TSBR)进行了改进，二段采用生物膜-膜生物反应器(BMBR)；在一段HRT=SRT=2．82～4．23h，二段HRT=6．44～9．66h、SRT→∞，每日空曝气8h的运行条件下，对该工艺进行了试验研究。结果表明，系统稳定后，出水水质稳定，CODc、NH4^ -N和TP的去除效率分别为95％、80%和60％以上，膜污染得到了有效控制。     

折流式水解-复合膜生物法处理印染废水的特性

应用折流式水解-复合膜生物法处理印染废水,COD与色度去除效果显著.组合工艺出水COD在100 mg/L以下,总去除率90%以上,出水色度为6倍以下,色度去除率达97%以上,达到纺织印染行业一级排放标准(COD≤100 mg/L,色度≤40倍).其中,ABR段的COD去除率在50%～65%,MBR段的COD去除率在78%～85%,COD的去除主要在MBR段,而色度去除主要在ABR段.此外,还对MBR段的HRT、污泥浓度、曝气量的影响进行了试验研究,结果表明,MBR段适宜的HRT为8～12 h,污泥浓度为3～8.6 g/L,气水比为23:1～31:1.     

化学混凝对UASB工艺处理低浓度生活污水的影响

UASB工艺处理低浓度生活污水中，未充分降解的悬浮物易在UASB反应器中堆积，导致已颗粒化厌氧污泥的活性降低，影响处理效果。作者采用化学混凝预处理法来探讨对UAsB工艺运行的影响。通过实验得知化学混凝实现了去除进水中的SS，在FeCl3的投量为70mg/L,t(HRT)为2h时，UASB工艺的COD去除率达50％～600％。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.