几种生物脱氮新工艺的比较

目前已经发现了2种微生物脱氮新途径:一是根据好氧氨氧化菌具有反硝化能力,从而在一定条件下反硝化脱氮;二是在功能微生物的作用下,亚硝酸盐与氨离子一起厌氧氨氧化,并且发现了厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧氨氧化菌或甲烷菌能协同耦合在一种有利的微生态环境中.基于以上新途径提出了几种生物脱氮新工艺,包括了:SHARON、ANAMMOX、SHARON-ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND、NOX工艺、需氧反氨化工艺(Aerobic deammonification)、甲烷化与厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺.     

基于厌氧氨氧化和中温亚硝化的可持续生物脱氮工艺

通过介绍厌氧氨氧化技术（ANAMMOX）和亚硝化技术（SHARON）在污水脱氯处理中的原理,着重从工艺特性分析以及控制因数方面介绍SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺,并通过与传统工艺的比较,指出SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺是可持续性处理工艺。     

新型生物脱氮工艺的研究进展

新型生物脱氮技术已经在国内外展开了广泛的研究和应用,为废水脱氮处理提供了一个实用而节能的新途径。该技术基于氨氮从短程硝化途径转化为氮气的生物反应过程,根据反应条件的不同,主要包括亚硝酸盐存在条件下的高活性氨氮去除反应器 (SHARON);厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX);亚硝酸盐存在的条件下全程自养脱氮过程(CANON);限氧自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)。介绍了国内外对新型工艺运行参数和影响因素(DO,ORP,pH等)的研究状况,以及新型生物脱氮反应器研究成果。     

厌氧氨氧化菌与其他细菌之间的协同竞争关系

随着污水脱氮行业的蓬勃发展,各种新工艺、新理论层出不穷.厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺以其独特的优点脱颖而出,成为最具应用前景的新工艺.厌氧氨氧化菌作为该过程的执行者目前已发现5属17种,本文主要对5属17种的厌氧氨氧化菌进行总结,并对厌氧氨氧化菌种内关系中的群体感应系统进行详细介绍,此外还介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、反硝化菌以及厌氧甲烷氧化菌之间的协同与竞争关系.最后给出常见竞争因素对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的影响,通过控制竞争因素来实现对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的调节.本文将厌氧氨氧化菌微生物生态学与厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺相结合,为厌氧氨氧化工艺在污水生物处理中的应用提供理论依据.     

一种新型短程同步硝化反硝化生物膜工艺

在对完全硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化(SND)、短程硝化反硝化(SHARON)和缺氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)生物脱氮技术的研究和开发进展进行分析后,提出了一种新型短程同步硝化反硝化生物膜工艺,并在连续曝气的条件下,对该工艺进行在线监测.结果表明:NO2-的积累率能够达到80%以上,说明系统中发生了短程同步硝化反硝化现象.     

污水生物脱氮除磷技术的研究进展

氮、磷去除率不达标造成水体的富营养化是世界各国面临的最大挑战之一,已被各国政府高度重视.本文简要介绍了生物脱氮除磷的基本原理,着重分析了运用短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、反硝化除磷技术的工艺:SHARON工艺、CANON工艺、ANAMMOX工艺、SHARON与ANAMMOX联合工艺、DEPHANOX工艺、BCFS(R)工艺的机理和研究进展.同时指出经济、高效、低能耗的可持续脱氮除磷工艺是污水处理的发展方向.     

生物脱氮工艺研究进展

通过对传统生物脱氮运行机理,运行参数的研究,分析了短程硝化-反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化等几种生物脱氮新工艺的基本原理及最新研究现状.另外,分析了厌氧氨氧化所存在的缺点及应用前景.     

低碳氮比猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮

针对低碳氮比猪场废水传统脱氮法碳源不足的问题,采用SBBR反应器进行短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮.实验表明,短程硝化反硝化预处理可为厌氧氨氧化创造良好的进水条件;经预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果显著,氨氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、 99.3%、 84.1%,废水中残留有机物未对厌氧氨氧化效果产生明显影响,氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮平均变化量之比为 1∶1.21∶0.24.色质联用分析结果显示,猪场废水中有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应前后未发生明显变化,主要化合物为酯类和烷烃类物质;特殊功能菌种检测结果表明,实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存的系统,厌氧氨氧化菌是该系统主要脱氮功能菌.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

垃圾渗滤液脱氮新方法综述

有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的氮是一项艰巨的任务,传统的先硝化后反硝化处理方法存在的主要问题是反硝化阶段碳源不足和总氮去除效率过低。研究中研究人员提出了好氧反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和短程硝化反硝化等新方法。好氧反硝化菌可以利用硝化过程中充足的碳源进行反硝化;厌氧氨氧化是在缺氧条件下,以NO-2为电子受体,直接把氨氧化成N2;短程硝化反硝化将脱氮过程控制在亚硝化阶段,不但节省了反硝化过程中的碳源,而且减少了能量的消耗。本文对这些方法及其在实践的应用进行了论述。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.