Role of remote sensing and community forestry to manage forests for the effective implementation of REDD+ mechanism: a case study on Cambodia

In this study, we have shown the importance of remote sensing applications and community forestry for forest management, discussed as a case study on Cambodian forest management. Curbing deforestation is necessary for the effective implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forests Degradation (REDD+) mechanism and management of forest resources to support sustainable forest management plans. The updated information of the forest cover and forest biomass using advanced remote sensing techniques can be useful for selecting the suitable sites for planned thinning, reforestation, community forestry, and concession land, which eventually will help in controlling the deforestation in Cambodia. To overcome the limitations of remote sensing, an integrated approach of remote sensing and community forestry to monitor forests from local to national level has also been discussed.     

Application of a tri-capital community resilience framework for assessing the social–ecological system sustainability of community-based forest management in the Philippines

This study proposes and empirically tests a framework that integrates the concepts of community resilience and social–ecological system (SES) resilience through community forestry case studies. The framework provides a possible approach for assessing community resilience based on the development and allocation of socio-cultural, economic, and natural capital of individual households within a given forest community. Furthermore, aspects of SES resilience and system dynamics are used to define the potential state thresholds of community resilience. This exploratory attempt to quantify community resilience, using the proposed framework, aims to advance understanding of the conceptual overlaps of SES and community resilience as applied to forestry management. We consider community forestry groups as SES examples in which the community is an important stakeholder in managing natural forest capital. We selected pioneer communities under the community-based forest management (CBFM) Program in the Philippines as our case studies. We found that, on average, CBFM group members demonstrated moderate levels of resilience according to their acquired levels of capital. Although economic capital remained the weakest capital, the CBFM program had a positive effect in increasing the socio-cultural and natural capital of an entire community.     

“2+26”城市治霾方案效果评估:以山东省为案例的研究

以京津冀大气污染传输通道“2+26”城市为对象的区域性雾霾专项治理已经开展两年有余。要判断“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施是否取得了显著成效需要通过科学的实证分析加以验证。采集山东省13个内陆城市2016—2018年每日空气质量指数(AQI)、六种单项污染物(PM 2.5、PM 10、SO 2、NO 2、CO、O 3)浓度以及气象条件等数据,以其中属于“2+26”城市的7城市作为实验组,其余6城市作为对照组,基于双重差分法,对“2+26”城市治霾方案在山东省相关城市的实施效果进行评估,试图分离方案实施所带来的环境效应。结果表明:①“2+26”城市治霾方案的实施总体上有效,对污染传输通道7城市空气质量指数(AQI)指标的降低发挥了显著作用。②“2+26”城市治霾方案对污染传输通道城市的PM 2.5、PM 10、CO浓度的降低有显著贡献,但对SO 2、NO 2和O 3指标的改善贡献并不明显。③对方案进行分时段动态效应分析发现,《京津冀及周边地区2017年大气污染防治工作方案》的发布并未对污染传输通道城市空气质量改善产生立竿见影的效果,而《京津冀及周边地区2017—2018年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》《京津冀及周边地区2018—2019年秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动方案》的落实和执行才是“2+26”城市治霾方案显著见效的保障。该研究在严格遵守双重差分法前提条件的同时,还通过了一系列稳健性检验确保评估结果的可靠性。     

区域规划实施结果评估——以《江苏省沿江开发总体规划》为例

规划评估是确保区域规划有效实施的必要环节,实施结果评估是区域规划实施评估中不可回避的重要一环,对区域规划的有效推进无疑具有现实意义,但是相关研究却极为不足。从区域规划的特征对结果评估的影响出发,试图以完成规划战略意图作为实施结果评估标准为切入点,以《江苏省沿江开发总体规划》为例,构建区域规划实施结果评估的指标体系,进行了实证研究。研究发现,规划在引导产业定位与布局、基础设施建设等方面发挥了积极作用,从而提高了区域竞争力、减小了区域内部差异,总体实施结果良好。但在资源集约利用与生态保护方面却作用较弱,较弱的规划协调利益冲突能力以及实施保障机制是影响规划作用发挥的重要因素。最后,分析了结果评估的局限性并指出下一步研究的方向     

基于生态系统服务功能价值评估的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究

随着全国性、地区性土地利用总体规划的制定与实施，探讨适台于土地利用总体规划环境影响评价的技术方法显得相当重要。在对生态系统服务功能价值评估研究进展进行评述的基础上。分析了生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环境影响评价中应用的必要性．并结合实例对其应用方法进行了探讨．实例分析表明，生态系统服务功能价值评估在土地利用总体规划环评中的应用具有把土地利用的生态效益转化为简单易懂的货币形式．可为决策者提供直观的生态信息及生态系统服务功能价值。可作为一项量化指标。对土地利用总体规划目标及规划方案的生态效益进行综合评估，且核算简单。有助于节省规划环评的时间和资源等优势，本文还指出了进一步研究的方向。     

A pattern for partnership between LMDH and Perhutani to enhance local community prosperity and preserve the forest: a case study at RPH Besowo,Kediri Regency,Indonesia

The deforestation in Indonesia is already alarming. One of the strategies used by the government to overcome forest deforestation is social forestry. This program is called PHBM (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat/Joint Forest Management) which is basically a partnership program. This study aims at describing the partnership program between a local organization (i.e. LMDH) and a government unit (i.e. RPH of Perhutani) within the PHBM program. The objectives of this study are to (a) describe the model of partnerships between LMDH and RPH Besowo for sustainable forest management and local community empowerment; (b) determine the contribution of the forest to the national economy and rural household income; and (c) determine the obstacles commonly found in Besowo forest that have to be faced during the implementation of the partnerships. The study shows that with good partnership between these two units, the prosperity of the local community can be enhanced and the forest preservation can be maintained. The model of the partnerships in this particular area in Indonesia is expected to be applicable as well in other rural areas in Indonesia, as well as in other developing countries.     

生态规划实效性评价指标体系研究——以《太仓生态市建设规划》实效性评价为例

首先提出了生态城市规划实效性的内涵,包含规划目标实现程度、规划效益、公众主观感受和规划实施过程合理性等4个方面。在此基础上建立包括规划编制过程、规划实施过程和规划实施结果3个阶段,涵盖政府、企业和公众等不同主体行为和利益特征的“从过程到结果”,具有复合价值观的规划实效性评价指标体系。通过太仓生态市建设规划实效性评价案例研究做了进一步论证：①生态城市规划主管部门是规划实效评价的主要推动者;②“从过程到结果”的评价思路和评价指标具有可操作性和灵活性;③规划过程评价方法的不成熟使其受到的关注有所降低。最后提出了若干规划编制和管理建议,以促进生态规划长效管理机制的形成。〖     

生态规划实效性评价指标体系研究——以《太仓生态市建设规划》实效性评价为例

首先提出了生态城市规划实效性的内涵,包含规划目标实现程度、规划效益、公众主观感受和规划实施过程合理性等4个方面。在此基础上建立包括规划编制过程、规划实施过程和规划实施结果3个阶段,涵盖政府、企业和公众等不同主体行为和利益特征的从过程到结果,具有复合价值观的规划实效性评价指标体系。通过太仓生态市建设规划实效性评价案例研究做了进一步论证:①生态城市规划主管部门是规划实效评价的主要推动者;②从过程到结果的评价思路和评价指标具有可操作性和灵活性;③规划过程评价方法的不成熟使其受到的关注有所降低。最后提出了若干规划编制和管理建议,以促进生态规划长效管理机制的形成。     

Revisit to community forest in northeast of Thailand: changes in status and utilization

The International Forest Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research program is designed by a network of social and natural scientists from different parts of the world and is intended to exam the interdependency relations between people and forests and to analyze forest conditions In 2003, in terms of IFRI methodology, our team has done some relative research in Kog Bung Preu community forest, which locates in the northeast of Thailand, and collected forest data including some key variables and parameters, such as DBH (Diameter at Breast Height), HEIGHT, BA (Basal Area), and DENSITY of trees and saplings in 31 plots in this community forest. In 2009, we re-visited the forests and 31 forest plots, using IFRI methodology and GPS technology again to collect data based on four key variables of trees and saplings. In the process of data management and analysis, we use IFRI Data Entry Application, and Access, Excel, SPSS, Map-source etc. to help us manage and analyze collected data. Meanwhile, a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to understand and analyze different variables and data. This paper will mainly focus on the changes in the Kog Bung Preu forest since last visit. By comparing and analyzing the forest plot data of two visits by using macro- and micro-scale, it is intended to reveal the actual status of Kog Bung Preu forest and to discuss the reasons behind the changes. From fieldwork and investigation in 31 forest plots and community residents again, we found that for saplings, DHB has slightly increased, however it did not test as significantly different, unlike HEIGHT which had also increased and had significant differences between the 2 years. Density and basal area for sapling revealed the same trend. They appeared to be notably decreasing from 2003 to 2009. BA does not prove to be significantly different, but DENSITY has a significant difference. Comparing tree variables between 2003 and 2009 gave different results. Every variable showed an increase from the previously recorded data. However, only the DBH and HEIGHT of trees demonstrated significant differences between the 2 years. The generally declining rate of sapling density and basal area may be related to the increase in the density and basal area of trees. It may be assumed that within the 6-year period, some saplings in the plots matured and now fall into the tree class. During this study, a total of 78 species in 38 families were recorded; 51 species are trees belonging to 22 families, 25 species from 14 families are saplings, 12 species from 9 families are seedlings, 2 woody climber species were recorded from 1 family; and herbs and grasses consisting of 27 Species from 16 families. Species composition has decreased compared to data recorded in 2003 from 97 to 78 species in 2009 as well as families which had higher recorded counts in 2003 (48 families) but lower recorded counts in 2009 (38 families). The socioeconomic situation of local community has some changes, from interview we found that most of changes focus on the collection of forest products and timber uses. The interaction between forest and people has improved. Finally, based on the analysis earlier, we discussed some aspects and provide relative suggestions.     

基于土地利用的三峡库区生态系统服务价值时空格局分析

生态服务价值评估是对生态功能的一种经济性量化评价。以三峡库区为研究区,结合净初级生产力(NPP)、土地利用/土地覆盖变化(LUCC)、遥感(RS)、气候、国家统计数据和GIS技术,采用替代花费法、影子工程法、碳税法、市场价值法和水量平衡法对三峡库区蓄水前后4个时期(2000、2005、2010和2015年)的生态系统服务价值进行量化评估,分析库区生态系统服务价值时空变异格局。结果显示:(1)从2000年到2015年,三峡库区生态服务总价值增加了269.37亿元,增长率为15.32%。(2)其中林地生态系统贡献较高,占48.14%,耕地次之,占44.04%。(3)林地生态系统服务价值随其面积的增长而增加。耕地生态系统面积减少了4.64%,但生态系统服务总价值却增加了14.54%,耕地存在不合理利用的现象。草地生态系统面积减少了16.57%,生态系统服务总价值减少了5.01%,应加强对草地生态系统的保护。总之,三峡工程的实施在整个研究区尺度上对库区生态系统服务功能的影响是利大于弊。在未来的发展中,应合理规划土地利用,制定区域发展和环境保护计划,确保三峡库区生态环境的改善和可持续发展。     

Forest protected area governance in Bangladesh:a focus on the legal and policy framework

In the context of renewed interest in collaboration in natural resource management,the collaborative governance approach has lately been introduced to the forest Protected Areas(PAs)in Bangladesh.The adoption of this co-management approach is seen as an attempt to influence the governance process towards a transformation from the conventional custodian system to a more participatory management regime.Recognition of rights and responsibilities,effective participation,and equitable distribution of benefits amongst the key stakeholders working under a facilitative policy and legal framework are believed to address the broader goals of sustainable development Notwithstanding the resurgence of interest in governance of forest PAs through the co-management approach,academic research on the subject remains limited.This article attempts to review selected key information and milestones on the forest PAs governance with special reference to the major policies and legal documents.With a brief introductory section,this article focuses on the genesis and selected major features of the Forest PAs in the country.The discussion then dwells on the policy and legal framework and provides a critique on its relevance for promoting community participation.The existing institutional arrangements for community engagement in protected area governance are also analyzed in light of the national and international commitment and policy obligations on the part of the country.The salient observations and key findings of the study include the following:(1)despite its limitations,comanagement as concept and practice has gradually taken roots in Bangladesh;(2)the degree and level of active community participation remain low and limited,and there is also clear weakness in conscientizing and orientating the local community on the key legal and policy issues related to PA governance in the country;and(3)policy makers,practitioners,and other local stakeholders related to PA governance need to be oriented on international commitment and national de     

基于地理国情普查的主体功能区规划实施监测与评估研究

主体功能区规划作为全国国土空间开发的战略性、基础性和约束性规划,目前已进入有序实施阶段,根据规划要求,需要对其实施进行持续监测和评估。地理国情普查所获取的海量地理国情信息正为主体功能区规划实施监测与评估提供了支撑。系统论证了应用地理国情普查成果开展规划监测与评估的可行性,并指出"边普查边应用"项目在机制上提供了保障。分析了主体功能区规划和地理国情普查对规划实施监测评估的要求,兼顾地理国情普查的数据成果,同时考虑指标的代表性和数据的可获取性,确立了优化开发区、重点开发区、农产品主产区和重点生态功能区的规划实施监测与评估指标体系,并以随州市曾都区为例,探讨了利用地理国情普查数据开展主体功能区规划的指标选取和技术过程等关键问题。     

Multi-stakeholder process of co-designing small-scale fisheries policy in South Africa

In 2005, a group of researchers, community-based organizations and lawyers got together with small-scale fishers to launch a class action law suit against the government of South Africa in its allocation system of Individual Transferable Quotas, on the ground that the system was unfair to small-scale fishing communities and threatened their right to practise their livelihoods. This effort resulted in the cabinet adoption of a new small-scale fisheries policy in 2014, with amendments being made to fisheries law (the Marine Living Resource Act 18 of 1998) to accommodate the issues and concerns of small-scale fisheries. Draft regulations and an implementation plan have recently been released, paving the way for the implementation of small-scale fisheries allocations in 2016. These legal and policy shifts are of great significance for small-scale fisheries, both in South Africa and elsewhere, and deserve careful examination. This paper discusses the processes leading to the development of a new small-scale fisheries policy and what has followed since. Specifically, the analysis focuses on a variety of collaborations between scholars from different disciplines; researchers from multiple fields; community practitioners representing diverse professional and community perspectives; and community organizations across local, state, national and international levels. The paper uses a model of change that crosses research and practitioner boundaries based on three key strategies: getting noticed; organizing at scale; and getting a seat at the negotiation table. It also considers the “transdisciplinary” process of involving all relevant actors in strategic, collective, reflection–action–reflection–action “from below”, which was crucial in the co-designing of this small-scale policy formulation in South Africa.     

中国区域节能减排能力测度与政策推进——以东北地区为例

"十一五"即将结束,文章根据我国"十一五"规划纲要提出的在五年内单位GDP能耗降低20%、主要污染物排放总量减少10%的战略目标,以东北地区为例,在分析东北地区经济发展水平、能源生产与消费以及环境状况基础上,指出东北地区还存在着能源利用效率不高、节能目标实施进度滞后、水环境质量改善缓慢、大气污染形势不容乐观等问题;通过对东北地区各省在"十一五"期间节能减排实施过程中的节能能力、SO2和COD削减能力以及投资机会的定量分析,为强化节能潜力的挖掘、SO2和COD的削减提供决策依据.最后,本文从结构调整、技术创新、循环经济发展、管理体制完善等方面,提出了全面实施产业和产品结构调整、全力推进节能减排技术创新、大力发展循环经济、完善节能减排调控手段等对策措施.     

Comparing Measurement Approaches for Quantifying CO2 Flux from Downed Woody Debris with a Dynamic Chamber Method

Russian Journal of Ecology - Validating methodology for quantifying of carbon (C) loss from dead wood is critical for understanding C turnover in forest ecosystems. We compared estimates of CO2...     

The livelihood potential of non-wood forest products: The case of Mbooni Division in Makueni District, Kenya

Forestry is a productive sector with significant effects on meeting national socio-economic and environmental functions as well as the improvement of rural livelihoods. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in particular have been widely advocated by conservation and development organisations as potential alternative livelihood strategies, particularly among vulnerable forest dependant households. Like in most tropical countries, NWFPs are relevant in the sustainable development of Kenya that is particularly endowed with important forest resources. Kenya hosts about 17 million ha of forested land (about 3.51% of the total Sub-Saharan Africa forest cover by 2000), of which about 16,865,000 ha is under natural forest (EarthTrends: Forests, grasslands and drylands, 2003). Outside the gazetted forests, there are other large tracks of forests in trust lands, including national parks and reserves, hill forest reserves and privately owned lands covering about 0.5 million ha (Kenya’s forest resource assessment in the EC-FAO Partnership Programme Report, 2000; The Kenya Forests Act, 2005). Woodlands, bushlands and wooded grasslands, mainly found in the arid and semi-arid lands cover 37.6 million ha, while forest plantations (started in 1946) cover about 170,000 ha of land (The Kenya forestry master plan, 1994–2020, 1994). In most NWFPs endowed regions of the country however, this socio-economic and environmental potential is still unrealized. We illustrate the latter by a case study of NWFPs use and management in four villages in Mbooni Division of Makueni District, Kenya. The division was chosen because of its relatively high NWFPs availability, particularly from South Mbooni forest that is located at a distance less than 5 km for an estimated 80% of the interviewed households. Data used for the analysis was collected through a fieldwork survey carried out on women (35+ years) in August, 2005. One hundred and sixty (160) NWFPs are harvested (from plant and animal species) and used mainly for food, income generation (supplemental) and medicinal purposes. A number of challenges limit women’s enjoyment of the full benefits from NWFPs exploitation, the overriding problem being their inadequacy (in quantity and/or quality). In this paper we discuss these commonly utilized and managed NWFPs plant species in Mbooni and their potential contribution to improved livelihoods and sustainable development in Mbooni, Kenya and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in general.     

Community livelihood and its dependence on nature resources under pressure of conservation

Conflict between conservation and community livelihood is a significant issue in China.Based on Sustainable Livelihood Framework(SLA),this study systematically analyzed livelihoods assets of a community in a Yunnan snub-nosed monkey conservation area and found that the livelihood pentagon of the community was shaped by multiple but frail and unstable income sources,abundant natural resources with restricted use right,underutilized labors,inadequate financial resources,inconvenient physical capital and weak social capital.Villagers'income heavily depended on forest,and grazing and nontimber forest products(NTFP)collection are common and major income sources for villagers.However,differentiation of income dependence on forest among villagers'groups showed that there is no close correlation between the level of income and the level of income dependence on forest.Households'daily life also heavily depended on the forest due to heating and pig-feed cooking;hence,fuelwood cannot be easily replaced by any other energy resource for a long period.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

三峡库区森林植被分布的地形分异特征

基于森林植被GIS数据库和群落调查,对三峡库区森林植被分布的地形分异特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）三峡库区森林植被主要分布在海拔400~1200 m,随海拔上升和坡度增大,森林覆盖率逐步提高,海拔为400 m以下区间森林覆盖率最低。（2）不同海拔级的优势森林类型分别为灌木林（400 m以下、1 200~1 600 m、1 600~2 000 m和2 000 m以上）、马尾松林（400~800 m和800~1 200 m）。各森林类型分布面积占该类型总面积百分比在不同海拔级上的分布都为单峰型,海拔由低到高出现峰值的森林类型依次为竹林、经济林和柏木林（800 m以下）、暖温性针叶林（1 600 m以下）、针叶混交林和针阔叶混交林（400~1 600 m）、阔叶林（800~2 000 m）、温性针叶林（1 200~2 000 m）。（3）柏木林、马尾松林、杉木林、温性松林、针叶混交林及针阔混交林主要分布在坡度低于35°区域,竹林和经济林主要分布在坡度小于25°区域。在坡度低于5°、6°~15°和16°~25°的区域,马尾松面积均最大,在坡度为26°以上的区域,灌木林分布面积均最大。（4）各类植被类型在各个坡向上分布面积变化不大。研究结果为三峡库区生态规划和建设提供科学依据.     

The effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance in forest canopy and its effect on species richness in forests of Uttarakhand Himalaya,India

Pinus roxburghii (chir-pine) and Quercus leucothchophora (banj-oak) are dominant forests of mountainous part of the Uttarakhand Himalaya. The continued anthropogenic disturbance is opening the canopy, forming canopy gaps and as a result forest fragments are developing. Thus, the present study aims to analyze variations in species richness and vegetational parameters in relation to canopy gaps in forests. Total species richness was greater in open canopied forest compared to moderate and close canopied forests. In comparison between oak and pine forest, it was greater in oak forest while the proportion of common species was low between oak—pine forests. Mean species richness did not significantly vary from one canopy gap to another as well as in oak and pine dominated forest. This indicated that dominant forest types played an important role to form the community structure. The shrubs richness were greater in closed canopy and between the forests it was greater in pine forest. Tree and shrub density was low in open canopy while herb density was high in moderate canopy. Thus, this study indicated that the dominant canopy species play an important role in deciding the community structures especially the distribution of under canopy species. These parameters should be considered for conservation and maintenance of plant biodiversity of a region.