农业非点源污染研究综述

针对农业非点源污染的研究现状,综述了非点源污染的定义、特征、污染现状以及危害,并介绍了国内外学者在非点源污染研究的技术方法方面的进展,指出利用与RS、GIS的紧密结合来建立基础信息数据库,对非点源污染过程进行模拟是进行非点源污染研究必然的发展趋势,并简单介绍了两个在国内外应用较广泛的非点源污染模型AnnAGNPS和SWAT模型,最后讨论了利用模型模拟非点源污染过程的优势。     

城市水环境非点源污染总量控制研究与应用

在调查和分析仪征市非点源污染过程中，对建成区进行网格处理，根据土地利用状况和特点，通过采样分析，确定了各网格的非点源污染负荷量和空间变化特征。在非点源污染发生的时段民假设在时间上分配均匀的点源污染负荷进行比较，分析二对区域水环境的叠加影响。     

珠江流域云南片区水污染负荷调查及计算方法研究

详细介绍了珠江流域云南片区点源及非点源污染负荷排放量及入河量的计算方法，并根据污染控制区的计算结果分析了珠江流域云南片区点源及非点源排放量及入河量分布特征，认为非点源污染物排放量所占的比例明显高于点源，而点源污染物入河量所占的比例明显高于非点源。     

辽河流域非点源污染空间特征遥感解析

应用遥感技术研究了辽河流域非点源污染发生特征.将环境卫星遥感数据耦合非点源(non-point Source,NPS)污染负荷估算模型,探索基于遥感像元尺度的非点源污染估算方法,目的是分析2010年辽河流域非点源污染特征,从而明确非点源污染的重点防治区和防治措施,为辽河流域水环境污染防治提供技术支持.结果表明,2010年辽河流域总氮排放量为10.3万t,总磷排放量为0.68万t,化学需氧量排放量为13.1万t,氨氮排放量为1.8万t;目前,对于辽河流域主要的非点源污染类型为农业面源;2010年辽河流域面源污染对水质污染的贡献率表现为总氮67.4%,总磷76.4%,化学需氧量39.4%和氨氮21.9%;空间分布上辽河流域的南部是污染最严重的地区,其次是东北部.本研究结合遥感技术发展了以遥感像元为基本模拟单位的非点源污染负荷估算方法,明确了2010年辽河流域的非点源污染产生量和空间分布特征,为辽河流域污染治理防治工作提供了理论依据.     

城市非点源污染特征及控制管理

随着点源污染控制的不断完善,城市非点源污染成为城市水体的重要污染源。本文从非点源污染的概念入手,从汇水面性质、水文响应、污染物种类等方面阐述了城市非点源污染的特点,总结了控制非点源污染的技术性及非技术性措施,并以上海为例,分析了该地区的非点源污染特征及采取的调控对策,以期为我国城市非点源污染的防治提供参考和借鉴。     

我国城市非点源污染特征及其模型应用探讨

总结了城市非点源污染的定义,探讨了城市非点源污染的种类、来源、危害、影响因素等特征。为估算城市非点源污染负荷,国外学者研发了许多模型,如SWMM、STORM、MOUSE等。但因我国城市非点源污染具有浓度高,来源多（包括城市道路、屋面、广场、天然降雨、路边垃圾、重点生活源、管网淤积等）,且主要来自于城市道路等特点,国内学者在应用国外模型计算城市非点源污染负荷时可能会遇到一些问题和困难。基于我国城市非点源污染特征及当前SWMM模型在我国的应用,提出了我国在应用模型模拟计算城市非点源污染时需注意的模型参数取值及验证、模拟污染物类型选取、基础资料获取等相关问题,并展望了我国未来城市非点源污染的研究方向。     

农业非点源氮污染研究进展分析

概述了非点源污染的概念、特征及非点源氮素对水环境的影响,阐述了两种形态的非点源氮素NH+4-N和NO-3-N的迁移机理、流失途径(地表径流和渗漏淋失)及其自然和人为影响因素;非点源污染负荷定量计算的方法,及计算非点源污染负荷模型的发展趋势。提出了控制农田非点源氮素的措施。     

基于改进输出系数模型的非点源污染评估及关键源区识别：以北运河上游流域为例

非点源污染对水生态环境威胁极大,定量解析非点源污染空间分布特征和准确识别关键源区是实现其高效精准治理的基础.输出系数模型广泛应用于非点源污染的模拟,但该模型忽略污染物迁移过程中的损失量,需要进一步改进.以北运河上游流域为例,通过对非点源污染物迁移物理过程的模拟,量化产流、产沙和下渗过程中污染物的损失率改进输出系数模型,并分析Johnes、常用和改进输出系数模型的模拟精度,探究3个输出系数模型对非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区模拟结果的影响.结果表明：(1)改进输出系数模型模拟误差(-6.79%)明显低于Johnes模型(50.44%)和常用模型(-84.01%),显著提高了非点源污染模拟精度.(2)不同输出系数模型得到的非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区存在较大差异,改进的输出系数模型模拟结果更符合流域非点源污染特征.流域非点源污染呈西北部低东南部高的空间特征,城镇用地和耕地是主要污染源.(3)基于改进输出系数模型确定的流域非点源污染关键源区主要分布在昌平、沙河、史各庄、温泉乡北部和马连洼街道西部等区域,占流域总面积6.71%.研究可为缺资料地区的非点源污染评估和治理提供更有效的工具支撑...     

北运河上游非点源污染风险空间分布特征研究

非点源污染是流域水环境污染的重要原因之一,非点源污染风险分区是有效治理水污染的重要前提.本文采用指数函数法改进潜在非点源污染指数(Potential Non-Point Pollution Index,PNPI)模型基于专家评价法主观赋权的不足,并采用改进后的PNPI模型解析北运河上游流域非点源污染风险空间分布特征.结...     

全国非点源污染分区分级

从非点源污染产生和迁移的水文过程机理出发,结合中国<水资源分区>和<中国水文区划>,提出了全国非点源污染分区分级体系;在地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据库支持下,基于非点源污染负荷产生和迁移的规律分析,在全国范围内进行了非点源污染分区分级,进而初步绘制全国非点源分区分级图,确定了全国非点源污染负荷估算模型的空间框架.全国非点源污染分区分级体系包括5级,非点源污染一级区为中国主要十大流域;主干河流自然流域分区作为非点源污染的二级区,共80个;在二级区基础上,依据非点源污染产生的水文气候特征,划分三级区共214个;在三级分区内,以影响非点源污染产生、迁移和转化的产汇流条件、社会经济结构、地形条件等为指标,划分非点源污染的四级分区322个;五级分区以非点源污染类型为标准进行划分.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.