水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除

构建了芦苇和无植物人工湿地,在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了两种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在植物收割后的冬季,有植物湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地2.2%;在其他季节,芦苇湿地对污水CODCr的去除率比无植物的高出3.2%～4.2%,但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物的低了1.8%～3.4%。有植物湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地有所改善,但是提高不多。比较了两种系统的氧化还原电位,有植物湿地比无植物湿地高（P<0.05）,这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约15 cm的范围,从整体来看,两块湿地内部氧化还原状态大体相同,主要是强还原环境。比较了两块湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,二者没有明显的差别,但是,有植物湿地的根际效应明显。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系,二者呈现显著的线性相关性(R2>0.96)。      

Mosquito larvae density and pollutant removal in tropical wetland treatment systems in Honduras

Constructed wetlands offer a low-cost wastewater treatment option for tropical developing countries. The vast majority of published treatment wetland research has been conducted in temperate regions. Because the function of treatment wetlands is related to the environmental conditions, more research specific to the tropics should be completed. A six-cell free water surface (FWS) wetland mesocosm was constructed in Santa Rosa de Copán, Honduras that received input from an open-sewer/wastewater-impacted stream. Three cells were planted with Typha domingensis Pers., and three cells were left unplanted. Both planted and unplanted wetlands were constructed with three different surface areas to concurrently study different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). Results from 6 months of operation showed improved water quality and mosquito larvae populations affected by their specific environment. Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal appeared to be proportional to HRT and HLR, and BOD concentration in the effluent was higher in unplanted cells than in planted cells (P<0.05). BOD removal approached 60% for greater than 3.5 days HRT. Total phosphorus (P) removal and coliform bacteria removal were found to be correlated with pollutant load, and P removal was found to be correlated with HRT but not HLR. A second municipal wastewater FWS treatment wetland in Copán Ruinas, Honduras that had been established for 15 years, was also evaluated. BOD removal in the Copán Ruinas system was determined to be 93% with 2.6 day HRT. These pollutant removal rates are higher than would be expected in temperate regions. Mosquito larvae density was correlated with depth of the wetland. Mosquito larvae densities were higher in cells that were operating below design depth of 0.2 m (P<0.005). Results indicate that it is possible to design FWS wetlands in the tropics for effective BOD removal and reduced mosquito larvae development.     

污水处理生物技术的应用

针对环保要求日益严格，而水源污染却越演越烈的现象，选择性地综述了湿地工艺、固定化藻类和活性污泥等生物技术在污水处理中的应用实例及其在净化废水、减轻水体富营养化方面的显著作用。三项生物技术的共同特点是高效快速、低耗节能、简易实用、管理方便且能耐受高负荷污水的冲击。净化污水主要通过基质的过滤吸附、微生物的分解代谢、植物根系或藻类的吸收利用等理化和生物的协同作用。确保和提高污水净化效果的关键因素是：湿地系统——水力负荷与停留时间、有机污染物负荷、根系发达的植物种类；固定化藻类——载体的传导性能和孔径、校固定藻类的细胞粒径、密度和生长状态、藻类生长的最适pH和温度条件；活性污泥技术——单位体积内好气性微生物的浓度及其与其他活性生物的比例、活性污泥的循环速度与回用、系统中的溶氧浓度和好气条件。     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据,运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征,并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,工业废水排放逐年减少,但废水排放总量不断上升,表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变;（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征,胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线;（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征,集聚趋势逐年加强;（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示,城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比,热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致,但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

Sulfide production during anaerobic lagoon treatment of tapioca wastewater

Laboratory-scale experiments on anaerobic lagoon treatment of tapioca wastewater were conducted under ambient, tropical conditions. The objectives of this study were to investigate factors that affect hydrogen sulfide production and to propose means to control the formation of hydrogen sulfide in lagoon effluents. The concentrations of sulfides were found to increase with increasing organic loading from 2.76 to 5.77 kg COD/m³.d, decreasing hydraulic retention time; and increasing pH from 3 to 7. The maximum total sulfide concentration of 18.8 mg/L occurred at the organic loading of 5.77 kg COD/ m³.d and neutral pH. the maximum H₂S concentration was calculated to be 13.3 mg/L which occurred in the laggoon operated at an organic loading of 5.77 kg COD/m³.d and a pH of 5. The control of odour problems due to the H₂S formation should be possible by raising pH of the lagoon water to be more than 8 or operating the lagoon at low organic loadings.     

BOD-DO modeling and water quality analysis of a waste water outfall off Kochi, west coast of India

Water quality scenarios around an offshore outfall off Kochi were simulated using MIKE21 water quality model, assuming a high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD=50 mg l(-1)) effluent discharge. The discharge is introduced into the model through an outfall located at a distance of 6.8 km from the shore at a depth of 10 m. Three scenarios were simulated with different discharge rates such as 2, 5 and 10 m3 s(-1), with BOD load of 8640, 21,600 and 43,200 kg day(-1) respectively. Model simulations were carried out to estimate the assimilation capacity of the waters off Kochi for the three discharge rates. The results show that for 10 m3 s(-1) effluent discharge, the initial BOD of 50 mg l(-1) reduced to 3.33 mg l(-1) at the outfall after 48 h. High BOD values were confined to an elliptical area of approximately 8 km2 around the outfall. Based on this, the assimilative capacity of the waters off Kochi in terms of BOD can be estimated as 38,000 kg day(-1). It is suggested that offshore waters could be used as a feasible alternative to the Kochi backwaters for the disposal of treated effluent.     

Dairy wastewater treatment using water treatment sludge as coagulant: a novel treatment approach

The dairy industry is among the most polluting industries as it produces large volume of wastewater that may adversely affect the environment if discharged untreated. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high COD, BOD and nutrient levels. In this study, water treatment sludge was used as a coagulant for the treatment of synthetic dairy wastewater in the pH range of 4–10. Turbidity, COD, BOD, TSS and TDS removals from the synthetic dairy wastewater were found to be around 93, 65, 67, 84 and 85%, respectively, at the optimum conditions. Water treatment sludge was found to perform even better than other conventional coagulants used for the same. Results showed that it has the potential to substitute the conventional coagulants partially or fully in the primary treatment of dairy wastewater. The utilization of water treatment sludge at dairy wastewater treatment plants would provide sustainable sludge management and cost-effective dairy wastewater treatment.     

Treatment of wastewater from an oil and soap factory via dissolved air flotation

Highly polluted wastewater from oil and soap factories has been treated via coagulation followed by dissolved air flotation. Ferric chloride and alum were used as coagulants at their optimal pH value and dosages. Factors affecting the efficiency of the dissolved air flotation process, such as detention time and air-solids ratio, have been investigated. The results obtained showed that this process proved to be very efficient in removing the organic contaminants. The oil removal value reached 99.1%. The COD, BOD, and turbidity removal achieved 94.5%, 96% and 99.3%, respectively.     

中国经济发展与水环境压力脱钩态势评价与展望

在对经济发展的水环境压力概念进行合理界定基础上,建立经济发展与水环境压力的脱钩指标体系。通过国内外相关文献研究与数据收集,构建了中国经济发展与水环境压力的脱钩潜力评价与时态分析模型,评价1986~2010年水利发展不同阶段中国经济总量增长与废水排放的脱钩潜力与脱钩时态、以及经济总量增长与工业废水化学需氧量的脱钩时态。在此基础上,根据水环境库茨涅茨曲线变化趋势,对我国废水排放总量的自然发展趋势进行预测,并根据国家发展规划对废水排放总量预测结果进行修正。同时,结合国家发展规划和环境保护规划,对水环境压力脱钩进行展望。结果表明,我国经济发展与废水排放总量总体处于弱脱钩发展态势、与工业废水化学需氧量排放总量总体处于强脱钩发展态势。预计2020年左右,我国经济发展与水环境压力有望保持绝对脱钩的发展态势,水环境得到彻底改善与净化     

Energy analysis for onsite and offsite suburban wastewater

The environmental consequence of meeting the planet’s energy requirements has shown that biological degradation of organic constituent from wastewater does not only produces biogas. It also produces flammable methane that has 21 times more global warming potential or greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide. This becomes a loss of potential renewable energy when it is flared. This study investigates recoverable energy from cassava wastewater and effect of unrecovered onsite (not from treatment plant) wastewater energy. Sludge from both onsite untreated and offsite treated wastewater from a cassava processing station in a sub urban community of Nigeria was analyzed. The result shows that the offsite treatment has a methane potential of 27.428 m³/day compared to the onsite methane emission potential with 17.807 m³/day. The onsite 17.807 m³/day of methane is equivalent to 0.126 kgCH₄/year of emitted methane base on industrial procedure standards by the IPCC (2006) guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. An additional 54.03% of methane will be recovered if the onsite emissions were to be captured . At an emission efficiency of 0.025 kgCH₄/kg COD, the untreated wastewater indicates a potential contribution to the greenhouse effect. A mathematical model analysis was presented for ease in determining the amount of methane emitted from the untreated wastewater. This study support suggested methodologies and previous work comparing anaerobic offsite methane potential and untreated wastewater methane emission potentials along with its greenhouse effects.     

Removal of trace organic contaminants from domestic wastewater: A meta-analysis comparison of sewage treatment technologies

Trace organic contaminants (TrOCs), such as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), represent global threats to aquatic animals and ecosystems. A major source of TrOCs in the aquatic environment is via the discharge of treated sewage, so there is an urgent need to evaluate the comparative efficiencies of the most widely used sewage treatment technologies as regards elimination of these compounds from wastewater. To address this need, 976 published articles were compiled focusing on estimates of removal (%) for 20 common environmental TrOCs, from five major sewage treatment technologies: conventional activated sludge (CAS), oxidation ditch (OD), membrane bioreactor (MBR), ponds and constructed wetlands (PCW), and trickling biological filters (TBF). A quantitative meta-analysis was performed to compare standardized relative removal efficiencies (SREs) of the compounds amongst these technologies, and where possible potential sources of heterogeneity were considered (e.g., flow rates and chemical sorption potential). The results indicate that the most widely used CAS treatment and the less common TBF provide comparatively poor overall removal of common organic micropollutants. Membrane bioreactors appear to be capable of achieving the greatest overall removal efficiencies, but the sustainability and economic viability of this option has been questioned. Treatment with OD systems may be more economical while still achieving comparatively high removal efficiencies, and the analysis revealed OD to be the best option for targeting highly potent estrogenic EDCs. This study offers a unique global assessment of TrOC removal via leading sewage treatment technologies, and is an important step in the identification of effective options for treating municipal sewage.     

Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants

Sewage and industrial effluents from biological treatment plant have been widely used for agricultural irrigation in north part of China. However, effluents after biological treatment still contain heavy metals and persistent organic contaminants. The persistent organic contaminants accumulated in soil may transfer through the food chains and cause adverse health effects on human or biological effects on soil fauna and flora after long-term application. In present study, field surveys were carried out in the farmlands irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants that receive sewage wastewater and industrial discharges. Residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soils irrigated using both ground water and effluents were compared. The origins of PAHs in the soils were discussed. The results showed that wastewater irrigation could cause accumulation of PAHs in soils close to the pollution discharge. Significantly higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in the sampling sites close to the entrance of main channel in contrast to those along branches and the reference sites. There was no significant relationship between the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and organic matter content in soil (TOC). Soil contamination of these persistent organic pollutants as affected by effluent irrigation was characterized by the dominant accumulation of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs). In the case study, concentration of benzo[a]pyrane (BaP, 45.6 ng/g), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcP, 86.3 ng/g), benzo[g,h,i]perlene (BgP, 66.9 ng/g) could exceed the limits of the soil quality standard for biodegraded soils. In identification of the sources, the IcP/BgP values of PAHs in soils were more close to that in air particulates from coal/coke source (1.09+/-0.03 ng/g) [Dickhut RM, Canuel EA, Gustafson KE, Liu K, Arzayus KM, Walkers E, et al. Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the chesapeake bay region. Environ Sci Technol 2000;34:4635-40]. Therefore, both of the PAHs residues in effluents and emission from a nearby coal/coke plant were responsible. Also in this case study, low levels of the OCPs were observed and were not of significant concern in this wastewater irrigation area. Among the different OCPs analyzed, DDTs (mean 8.41 ng/g) and HCHs (mean 2.91 ng/g) were the major components. From the ratios of DDT/DDTs and beta-HCH/HCHs, it indicated that OCPs residues should be from historical usage.     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅰ)--蓄水前污染负荷现状

分析蓄水前三峡水库入库污染负荷,包括库区污染负荷,如城市生活污水、工业废水、农业面源、船舶流动污染源;主要干支流长江、嘉陵江、乌江的入库背景污染负荷,包括上游天然背景负荷和上游污染贡献负荷,为三峡水库水污染防治提供理论依据。研究表明：①进入三峡库区的污染源主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游输入的背景负荷,包括上游贡献负荷和天然背景负荷,其中：CODCr的天然背景负荷与上游污染贡献负荷较为接近,BOD5、NH3-N的上游贡献负荷略大于天然背景负荷;TP的上游贡献负荷远大于天然背景负荷。因此,“三江”上游区域的污染治理工作应为今后三峡水库水污染防治的重点;②库区内排放的主要污染物是TP、BOD5、TN、CODCr等有机污染物,其累计等标污染负荷比达到98%以上。库区内的主要污染源为农田径流,其等标污染负荷比为77.85%;其次为城市污水,其等标污染负荷比为19.45%,工业废水的等标污染负荷比只占1.62%。因此,农田面源将是今后库区污染防治的重点。     

环境税对高污染行业的影响研究——以湖南邵阳高COD排放行业为例

针对开征环境税对高污染行业的影响,选取湖南省邵阳市为研究区域,以COD排放为例,选择了COD排放量最多的造纸及纸制品业、农副食品加工业、化学原料和化学制品制造业,调查各行业的废水治理成本。通过调查发现行业平均治理成本差别较大,从1.55元/kg到8.11元/kg,调查时点区域排污费收费标准0.7元/kg,相比行业平均治理成本太低,就几乎不具有激励减排的功能,同时也不具备筹集环境治理资金的功能。通过分析湖南邵阳高COD排放行业征收环境税的影响发现,无论基于行业废水平均治理成本制定环境保护税税率,还是考虑边际治理成本提高的情况下制定环境保护税税率,对行业大部分企业利税影响率均小于5%。而且基于行业治理成本征税,有利于淘汰行业中高污染的落后产能,促进行业整体资源优化配置,从长远来看有利于整个行业的发展,对于推动供给侧改革,改善环境质量具有重要意义。 关键词： 环境税;影响分析;高污染行业;供给侧改革     

Occurrence,fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review

Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to non-target organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment. Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms.     

The amount and identity of [14C] residues in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) exposed to [14C] triclopyr

The level and identity of [¹⁴C] residues in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus)_exposed to 2.5 mg/L [¹⁴C] triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) have been determined. The highest level of radioactivity observed in the flesh of a fish at any time point (0.13 mg/kg, calculated as equivalent mg triclopyr/kg fish) was less than 5% of the fish exposure level of 2.5 mg/L, while the maximum level in the remainder (head, skin, and viscera) was about 95% (2.33 mg/kg) of the fish exposure level, indicating no concentrating effect. The principal components observed in the fish tissues were triclopyr, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, 2-methoxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine and a conjugate. These components accounted for greater than 75% of all the residues observed.     

Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China

The study reported and analyzed the current state of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban China from the perspective of treatment technologies, pollutant removals, operating load and effluent discharge standards. By the end of 2013, 3508 WWTPs have been built in 31 provinces and cities in China with a total treatment capacity of 1.48 × 10⁸ m³/d. The uneven population distribution between China's east and west regions has resulted in notably different economic development outcomes. The technologies mostly used in WWTPs are AAO and oxidation ditch, which account for over 50% of the existing WWTPs. According to statistics, the efficiencies of COD and NH₃–N removal are good in 656 WWTPs in 70 cities. The overall average COD removal is over 88% with few regional differences. The average removal efficiency of NH₃–N is up to 80%. Large differences exist between the operating loads applied in different WWTPs. The average operating loading rate is approximately 83%, and 52% of WWTPs operate at loadings of < 80%, treating up to 40% of the wastewater generated. The implementation of discharge standards has been low. Approximately 28% of WWTPs that achieved the Grade I-A Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918–2002) were constructed after 2010. The sludge treatment and recycling rates are only 25%, and approximately 15% of wastewater is inefficiently treated. Approximately 60% of WWTPs have capacities of 1 × 10⁴ m³/d–5 × 10⁴ m³/d. Relatively high energy consumption is required for small-scale processing, and the utilization rate of recycled wastewater is low. The challenges of WWTPs are discussed with the aim of developing rational criteria and appropriate technologies for water recycling. Suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures are provided.     

Resourceful Utilization of Tannery Wastewater

Abstract

Leather industry is an important light industry in China. Leather making requires a series of chemical treatment. Degreasing, unhairing and chrome tanning wastewaters are the main portions of tannery wastewater. Reclaiming and reusing these wastewaters can eliminate 80% of COD, 75% of BOD, 95% of chromium and 93% of sulfuret, furthermore reduce environment impact, decrease treatment costs, save chemicals and water. Some application methods of wastewater reclamation and reuse for different operations were reported. The suitable reclamation and reuse technologies can enable leather making processes more rational, and realize the recovery and recycle of several chemicals in the tannery. Resourceful utilization of tannery wastewater should mate with renovating production technology, updating equipment, and must be guaranteed sufficiently by environmental protection measures.     

Short- and long-term patterns of ¹³⁷Cs in fish and other aquatic organisms of small forest lakes in southern Finland since the Chernobyl accident

We summarize the patterns of ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations and transfer into fish and other biota in four small forest lakes in southern Finland during a twenty-year period following the Chernobyl accident in April 1986. The results from summer 1986 showed fastest accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs into planktivorous fishes, i.e. along the shortest food chains. Since 1987, the highest annual mean values of ¹³⁷Cs have been recorded in fish occupying the highest trophic levels, for perch (Perca fluviatilis) 13,600 Bq/kg (ww) and for pike (Esox lucius) 20,700 Bq/kg (ww). At the same time, activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in crustacean zooplankton and Asellus aquaticus have ranged between 1000 and 19,500 Bq/kg (dw). In 2006, 5-28% of the 1987 ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration levels were still present in perch and pike. Since 1989 their ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in oligohumic seepage lakes have remained significantly higher than in polyhumic drainage lakes due to the increased transfer of ¹³⁷Cs into fish in the seepage lakes with lower electrolyte concentrations, longer water retention times and lower sedimentation rate.     

Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates--a review

Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) are widely used surfactants in domestic and industrial products, which are commonly found in wastewater discharges and in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents. Degradation of APEs in wastewater treatment plants or in the environment generates more persistent shorter-chain APEs and alkylphenols (APs) such as nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and AP mono- to triethoxylates (NPE1, NPE2 and NPE3). There is concern that APE metabolites (NP, OP, NPE1-3) can mimic natural hormones and that the levels present in the environment may be sufficient to disrupt endocrine function in wildlife and humans. The physicochemical properties of the APE metabolites (NP, NPE1-4, OP, OPE1-4), in particular the high K(ow) values, indicate that they will partition effectively into sediments following discharge from STPs. The aqueous solubility data for the APE metabolites indicate that the concentration in water combined with the high partition coefficients will provide a significant reservoir (load) in various environmental compartments. Data from studies conducted in many regions across the world have shown significant levels in samples of every environmental compartment examined. In the US, levels of NP in air ranged from 0.01 to 81 ng/m3, with seasonal trends observed. Concentrations of APE metabolites in treated wastewater effluents in the US ranged from < 0.1 to 369 microg/l, in Spain they were between 6 and 343 microg/l and concentrations up to 330 microg/l were found in the UK. Levels in sediments reflected the high partition coefficients with concentrations reported ranging from < 0.1 to 13,700 microg/kg for sediments in the US. Fish in the UK were found to contain up to 0.8 microg/kg NP in muscle tissue. APEs degraded faster in the water column than in sediment. Aerobic conditions facilitate easier further biotransformation of APE metabolites than anaerobic conditions.