贵州阿哈水库沉积物中重金属二次污染的趋势分析

通过对受矿山活动影响的贵州阿哈水库沉积物-水界面的模拟试验及实测分析,从水库水质安全角度讨论了沉积物中蓄积的重金属作为二次污染源的可能性。研究发现：在水体季节性缺氧期间,沉积物中部分重金属元素将大量释放到水体中,严重威胁水质安全。Fe,Mn的最大释放发生在水体缺氧事件的50小时内。而Co,Cu,Ni,Pb等元素总体释放量较小,并主要在10小时内达到最大释放。对比其他地区,阿哈水库中重金属元素具有更强的界面扩散作用。锰的扩散通量在季节上表现为：冬季＞秋季＞春夏季。而铁的扩散通量则为：春夏季＞秋季＞冬季。锰的界面扩散通量远大于铁的界面扩散通量,表明界面附近锰的循环极为剧烈且远强于铁。这对其他重金属元素的界面循环产生了重要影响。界面附近的铁、锰、硫循环对重金属迁移有着显著的控制作用。受到氧化还原条件的影响,重金属扩散通量在季节上变化较大。     

Modeling 137Cs migration processes in lake sediments

Lake sediments can be considered as the "diary" of the lake: new layers are continuously deposited on top of the sediments. The migration behavior of radionuclides, particularly of (137)Cs, can be analyzed by modeling the input into and the vertical distribution within the sediment. For this purpose, a model consisting of sedimentation-diffusion equations was developed. Solved with a finite element method, this model can cover the time period from the nuclear weapons testing to the present. It takes into account fixation and redissolution, compaction of sediments, and the influence of competing ions on the retarded diffusion within the sediments. The outcome of the model is compared to water and sediment measurements from Lago Maggiore. The results of an optimization process can produce the sedimentation rate and (137)Cs distribution coefficients which determine the uptake of activity into the sediment and also the retarded diffusion within the sediment.     

Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru lake by edible fish

Kolleru lake is the largest fresh water lake in the districts of East and West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh, India. Many anthropogenic sources contribute to the heavy metal pollution in the lake and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish helps in assessing the aquatic pollution. Total contents and fractionation of selected heavy metals, viz., Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni and Co were measured in sediment sample and three edible fish. The investigation aimed at revealing differences in the accumulation pattern of heavy metals in fish inhabiting sediments characterized by varying metal bioavailability. The metal concentrations were found to be greater than the background concentrations of sediments indicating the anthropogenic origin of metals. Good recovery values were obtained for metal contents in sediments and fish. Large fractions of Zn, Cd and Cu were associated with mobile fraction of sediment and showed greater bioaccumulation in fish whereas Ni and Co were least mobilisable. The results clearly indicate that the fish of Kolleru lake are contaminated with metals and not advisable for human consumption.     

贵州阿哈水库沉积物中重金属二次污染的趋势分析

通过对受矿山活动影响的贵州阿哈水库沉积物-水界面的模拟试验及实测分析，从水库水质安全角度讨论了沉积物中蓄积的重金属作为二次污染源的可能性。研究发现：在水体季节性缺氧期间，沉积物中部分重金属元素将大量释放到水体中，严重威胁水质安全。Fe，Mn的最大释放发生在水体缺氧事件的50小时内。而Co，Cu，Ni，Pb等元素总体释放量较小，并主要在10小时内达到最大释放。对比其他地区，阿哈水库中重金属元素具有更强的界面扩散作用。锰的扩散通量在季节上表现为：冬季＞秋季＞春夏季。而铁的扩散通量则为：春夏季＞秋季＞冬季。锰的界面扩散通量远大于铁的界面扩散通量，表明界面附近锰的循环极为剧烈且远强于铁。这对其他重金属元素的界面循环产生了重要影响。界面附近的铁、锰、硫循环对重金属迁移有着显著的控制作用。受到氧化还原条件的影响，重金属扩散通量在季节上变化较大。     

浙江北部低洼田湿地农业种养结合模式的环境效应

浙江北部地区地势低洼,种粮易涝,严重制约当地农业的发展。2010年以来,作为湿地农业农作制度的创新,“水生作物 鱼类”种养结合模式在当地得到迅速发展。为了完善种养高效综合配套技术,在嘉兴市秀洲区3个农场开展了不同种养模式（藕 鱼和菱 鱼模式）的对比试验,对池塘水质、底质特征以及大气负氧离子浓度进行了分析。结果表明种养结合模式对池塘水质有一定改善作用。虽然养殖鱼类后水体有机污染有一定程度加重,但由于水生作物的吸收作用,使得水体氮磷含量明显降低。与菱 鱼模式相比,鱼塘种植莲藕后,对水质的改善效果更为明显。对底质的分析表明,鱼塘种植水生作物后,底泥中速效钾含量增加明显,尤其是在种植莲藕后。另外,由于施用化肥以及当年不收割引起的藕叶、茎杆等腐烂分解,使得藕 鱼模式池塘底泥中速效磷和总氮含量大幅增加,分别增加329.1% 和361.9%。对种养结合区域大气负氧离子浓度测定结果表明,种养结合开发利用有利于改善周边区域空气质量     

三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径特征及其物源意义

为揭示三峡水库干流消落带的泥沙沉积规律、分析沉积泥沙来源,本研究采用原位观测方法采集沉积泥沙样品,利用激光粒度仪测试泥沙粒径,分析沉积泥沙粒径在水平、垂直和高程3个维度上的变化特征,并与三峡水库入库泥沙的粒径特征相结合,阐述消落带沉积泥沙来源。结果表明:(1)三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径在水平方向上存在比较强烈的空间变化,中值粒径沿河流流向方向呈逐渐下降趋势,并在忠县及其下游河段基本保持稳定;(2)泥沙粒径随高程的变化存在较大的空间差异,河流挟沙是消落带下部粗颗粒泥沙的主要来源,而消落带上方的土壤侵蚀强度越高,消落带顶部的沉积颗粒就越容易变粗;(3)在水库尾端,泥沙剖面存在较明显的旋迴分层现象,其中值粒径数值较大、变化幅度较宽,越往下游推进,中值粒径的数值越低、变化幅度越小,泥沙旋迴分层现象逐渐消失;(4)水库尾端的沉积泥沙以库区外来沙为主,越往下游推进,库区内产沙对粗颗粒泥沙的贡献逐渐升高,但库区内外来沙都能够为沉积泥沙提供丰富的细颗粒物源,因此,细沙的来源具有一定的复杂性和多样化特征。     

低溶解氧对苦草生长的影响

针对太湖梅梁湾生态净化示范区内重建的沉水植物存在的腐烂死亡问题及伴随的底层水体溶解氧偏低现象,在室外模拟生态系统内进行了低氧对沉水植物（苦草）生长的影响试验。结果表明：无论沉积物类型如何,一个月的低氧处理（溶解氧平均值为1.6 mg/L）对苦草株重、株高、分蘖数及叶片数等指标的影响均不明显,对块茎的影响则较显著,表现为块茎数量与重量显著下降。对岸边沉积物处理组而言,低氧对苦草根系的影响显著,表现为根须变细且数量增加,根系活力明显下降,中心沉积物处理组则不显著。同时,低氧处理使岸边沉积物处理组的沉积物氧化还原电位显著下降、水体营养盐浓度上升,尤其是磷酸盐浓度显著增加,中心沉积物处理组的环境理化因子变幅则相对较小。分析认为,低氧对苦草生长的影响虽不明显,但对其种群扩张有潜在的不利作用;梅梁湾生态净化示范区内沉水植物的腐烂死亡,低氧的作用是次要或间接的。     

Levels of 137Cs in muddy sediments on the seabed in the Bay of Cadiz (Spain). Part II. Model of vertical migration of (137)Cs

This second part of the study reports the development of a model to describe the vertical migration of the artificial radioisotope (137)Cs in the sediment column on the seabed of the Bay of Cadiz. The application of the model provides an overall picture of the process of sedimentation in the Inner Bay of Cadiz. The spatial distribution of the rate of sedimentation enables us to study the sources of sediments and the means by which the sediments have been transported. A method has been derived from the rate of sedimentation to perform the dating of the layers of sediment. The model describes the behaviour of (137)Cs in the area under study, taking into account the time of residence in the zones that are the source of accumulation, the origin of the sedimentary material, together with the diffusion of the radionuclide in the sediment of the seabed.     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物分布特征

根据长江口和杭州湾北部沉积物粒度分析数据，研究表层沉积物类型、分布以及分区特征。结果表明：沉积物的分布特征受水动力条件、地貌类型以及泥沙来源等因素的综合影响，长江口表层沉积物在纵向分布上，自西向东粒径从粗到细、分选程度从好至差，在横向上自北港－北槽－南槽，沉积物粒度逐渐变细；水流动力作用强的河槽和波浪作用强的口门浅滩沉积物粒度较粗，水动力较弱的河口边滩及口外海滨区沉积物则较细。根据沉积物分布特征可将长江口及其邻近海域分为河口分汊河段沉积区、河口拦门沙沉积区、口外海滨沉积区和杭州湾北部沉积区等4个沉积区。     

On the radiocesium carbonate barrier in organics-rich sediments of Lake Juodis, Lithuania

Radiocesium vertical profiles in organics-rich sediments of running shallow eutrophic Lake Juodis (Lithuania) were studied in relation to seasonal variations of vertical profiles (in water column and sediments) of standard variables (pH, redox potential, temperature, oxygen concentrations, conductivity). It is shown that the sedimentation rate, radiocesium mobility and its vertical profiles in sediments are controlled by the vital cycle (processes of the growth, accumulation and decomposition) of green algae covering the main bottom areas of the lake. It is also shown that calcite deposits are formed in the shallow bottom areas that are oxygenated throughout the year because of the photosynthetic activity of the green algae covering the sediment. Formation of the calcite coatings on freshly accumulated organics is remarkable for causing elevated densities of sediment solids in the upper part of the respective vertical profiles. These calcite deposits behave as a barrier for radiocesium backward flux to the bottom water making the respective bottom areas a radionuclide sink. Together with the jelly-structured sediments lying below these deposits, the calcite preserves the shape of the primary radiocesium vertical profiles formed due to free-ion diffusion after the deposition event. It was determined that bottom areas anaerobic in winter are the main radiocesium source in the water column and cause characteristic radiocesium redistribution in surface sediments.     

Remobilisation of 109Cd, 65Zn and 54Mn from freshwater-labelled river sediments when mixed with seawater

A major fraction of trace metals transported by rivers is associated with sediments, especially during flooding, when erosion and resuspension increase sediment loads. Upon contact with seawater in estuaries, changes in ionic strength and pH may remobilise trace metals from sediment surfaces into more bioavailable forms. The objective of the present work was to investigate time-dependent interactions between trace metals and freshwater sediments and their potential remobilisation upon contact with seawater. Two river sediments (one organic and one inorganic) were labelled with 109Cd2+, 65Zn2+ and 54Mn2+ radioactive tracers for periods up to 6 months. Sorption of tracers occurred rapidly (> or = 80% sorption, < 1 h), followed by a slower approach to pseudoequilibrium. Kd(6 months) were estimated as 460, 480 and 2200 ml/g (inorganic sediment) compared to 5300, 4000 and 1200 ml/g (organic sediment) for 109Cd, 65Zn and 54Mn, respectively. Remobilisation of tracers from labelled sediments was studied using sequential extractions. Artificial seawater extracts simulated an estuarine environment. Subsequent extractions provided information about more strongly sorbed tracer fractions within sediments. Remobilisation of 109Cd by seawater was significant (> 65%) and least affected by sediment type or freshwater labelling time. Redistribution of Cd to strongly bound phases was minimal (4% and 1% of 109Cd in strongly oxidisable fractions). Seawater remobilisation of 65Zn was significantly greater from the organic sediment (54%) compared to the inorganic sediment (8%), where a large fraction of 65Zn (14%) became irreversibly bound. Similarly, more 54Mn was remobilised by seawater from the organic sediment than the inorganic sediment (66% and 3% remobilised, respectively), i.e., 54Mn became more strongly bound in the inorganic sediment. A simple three-box model, based on first-order differential equations, was used to describe the interaction between tracers in spiked freshwater and two operationally defined sediment fractions ("seawater exchangeable" and "seawater unexchangeable") up to 6 months of freshwater labelling. Model simulations were fitted to experiment data and apparent rate constants were calculated using numerical optimisation methods. Sorption ratios from modelling data (i.e., k1/k2) were greater for organic compared to inorganic sediments, while fixation ratios were higher in inorganic sediments. In conclusion, trace metals can be remobilised from sediments on contact with seawater in estuaries. High organic content in sediments increased initial sorption of tracers but inhibited redistribution to more strongly bound fractions over time, resulting in greater remobilisation of tracers when in contact with seawater.     

Geochemistry and bioavailability of metals in sediments from northern San Francisco Bay

In this study, metals (Be, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Pb and Hg) in the fine-grained fraction (<63 microm) from 12 sites at different locations in northern San Francisco Bay over a year period from March 2000 to March 2001 were analyzed after acid extraction. The results showed that metal concentrations in the sediments varied from site to site, whereas some of them were found elevated with respect to the sediment of Tomales Bay, CA, which has little contamination history, indicating an enrichment of the metals in the sediment samples analyzed. Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation evaluation by a clam species, Macoma nasuta, exposed to the sediment samples collected from the six sampling sites was carried out. The results showed that the sediment samples tested significantly reduced clam survival. Toxicity of the sediments to the clam was, in part, related to elevated metal concentrations in the sediments. In order to examine geochemistry of the metals and to understand potential correlations between metal concentrations and geochemical matrix elements of the sediments, bioavailability and toxicity of the metals, detailed analysis of metal concentrations associated with total organic carbon and the Fe-oxy-hydroxides in the sediment samples was performed. The analysis showed that sediment geochemistry appeared to influence metal bioavailability and may have important impacts on the toxicity of these metals to the clam.     

应用平衡分配法建立长江水系沉积物金属相对质量基准

在不同的条件下,沉积物可成为环境中污染物的“源”或“汇”,而受污染的沉积物会对水生生物带来危害。因此,需要制定沉积物质量基准(SQC),以此作为评价沉积物污染及其生态效应的基础。在过去的几年中,对利用平衡分配法来建立SQC的方法进行了广泛的研究,并被认为是最有效的方法之一。采用平衡分配法,初步建立了长江水系8种重金属及类金属(Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe, Hg,As)的沉积物相对质量基准。结果表明,上述重金属及类金属的SQC在从长江上游到下游,总体趋势上呈降低的分布特征,并由于地域环境条件的不同,存在着高SQC值单元及低SQC值单元。得出的SQC与国内已有的SQC具有可比性,但高于美国国家环保局提出的SQC,主要是由于采用平衡分配法建立的SQC是一种数值型的基准值,缺乏生物效应的校正。因此,在将其应用到沉积物污染状况评价之前,还需要进行深入的研究工作,特别是毒理学试验。     

A bioassay approach to determine the dioxin-like activity in sediment extracts from the Danube River: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in gill filaments and liver of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

Sediment samples from the upper Danube River in Germany have previously been characterized as ecotoxicologically hazardous and contaminants in these sediments may contribute to the observed decline of fish populations in this river section. For the investigation of sediment toxicity there is a need for development, standardization and implementation of in vivo test systems using vertebrates. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to apply and evaluate a recently established fish gill EROD assay as a biomarker in sediment toxicity assessment by using extracts of well characterised sediment samples from the upper Danube River. This to our knowledge is the first application of this novel assay to sediment extracts. Sediments from four different sites along the upper Danube River were Soxhlet-extracted with acetone and dissolved in DMSO. Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) were exposed for 48 h to various concentrations of the extracts, to the positive control beta-naphthoflavone or to the solvent. Measurements of EROD activity in gill filaments and liver microsomes followed the exposure. Concentration-dependent induction of EROD in both gill and liver was found for all sediment extracts. The highest EROD-inducing potency was determined for extracts of sediments from the sites "Opfinger See" and "Sigmaringen" and the EROD activities in gill and liver correlated well. The results from the gill and liver assays were in accordance with in vitro results of previous investigations. The EROD activities measured in the present study corresponded with the concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the sediment samples derived in a previous study. The sticklebacks in this study were in the reproductive phase and a stronger EROD induction was obtained in the females than in the males. Implementation of the EROD assay in testing of sediment extracts gave highly reliable results which make this assay an ecotoxicologically relevant method for assessment of contamination with Ah receptor agonists in sediments.     

长江口南汇咀近岸水域泥沙输移途径

南汇咀近岸水域位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇带,其动力条件、泥沙运移、沉积过程和地貌演变复杂。根据长江口南汇咀近岸水域的水主尼沙观测和沉积地貌等资料,通过综合分析研究,探讨了长江口入海水沙在南汇咀近岸水域与杭州的交换和泥沙输移途径。研究结果表明,沿南汇水下沙咀存在一个泥沙通道,长江口水沙在多种动力因子的驱动下经过该通道直接进入杭州湾,参与杭州湾水沙的周期变化。通过进一步研究还发展,长江口泥沙以异重流的方式向杭州湾输移。     

长江口南汇咀近岸水域泥沙输移途径

南汇咀近岸水域位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇带 ,其动力条件、泥沙运移、沉积过程和地貌演变复杂。根据长江口南汇咀近岸水域的水文泥沙观测和沉积地貌等资料 ,通过综合分析研究 ,探讨了长江口入海水沙在南汇咀近岸水域与杭州湾的交换和泥沙输移途径。研究结果表明 ,沿南汇水下沙咀存在一个泥沙通道 ,长江口水沙在多种动力因子的驱动下经过该通道直接进入杭州湾 ,参与杭州湾水沙的周期变化。通过进一步研究还发现 ,长江口泥沙以异重流的方式向杭州湾输移     

Aggregation of cohesive sediments induced by internal shear rates with application to sedimentation

An improved model for aggregation and deposition of cohesive sediments in flowing water was formulated as a power function of the sediment concentration and the hydrodynamic forces prevailing in the water column and at the surface of the sediment bed. The aggregation mechanism was described by a removal rate coefficient and an exponent, both of which were expressed as functions of the internal shear rate, which is one of the key parameters influencing particle collisions. Comparison of model predictions with two sets of experimental data showed that the model was capable of adequately representing cohesive sediment removal from the water column. The model formulation was also incorporated into a two-dimensional, vertically-averaged finite element model of sediment transport. The depositional behavior of cohesive sediments was verified by simulating a flume experiment.     

Nematode species at risk--a metric to assess pollution in soft sediments of freshwaters

Soft sediments are often highly polluted as many of the toxic chemicals introduced into surface waters bind to settling particles. The resulting accumulation of pollutants in the sediments poses a risk for benthic communities. However, pollution induced changes in benthic communities have been difficult to determine when using macro-invertebrates as bioindicators, as these organisms are often absent in soft sediment. The present study therefore examined the ability of meiofaunal organisms, specifically, nematodes, to assess the ecological status of soft sediments. Over a 9-year period, nematode communities present in sediments collected from large rivers and lake Constance in Germany were studied. These sediments showed a large range of physico-chemical properties and anthropogenic contamination. After the degree of metal and organic contamination was translated into ecotoxicologically more relevant toxic units (TUs), multivariate methods were used to classify nematode taxa in species at risk (NemaSPEAR) or not at risk (NemaSPE(not)AR). This approach clearly distinguished the influence of sediment texture from that of the toxic potential of the samples and thus allowed classification of the nematode species according to their sensitivity to or tolerance of toxic stress. Two indices, expressing the proportion of species at risk within a sample (NemaSPEAR[%](metal), NemaSPEAR[%](organic)), were calculated from independent data sets obtained in field and experimental studies and showed good correlations with the toxic potential (field data) or chemical concentrations (microcosm data). NemaSPEAR[%] indices for metal and organic pollution were therefore judged to be suitable for assessing the impact of chemical contamination of freshwater soft sediments.     

长江口海域表层沉积物环境质量的综合评价

利用2004年和2009年夏季航次长江口海域表层沉积物的监测统计结果,以加权平均环境质量综合指数法为基础,以参评因子动态分类排序法确定权重,以《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668-2002)作为评价标准,构建新的海洋沉积物质量综合评价模式,对长江口海域表层沉积物中的主要污染因子进行了分类判别,综合评价了长江口海域表层沉积物质量状况。结果表明,长江口海域表层沉积物中硫化物、石油类、汞为常态因子,铅、镉、砷、多氯联苯和滴滴涕为关键因子,铜和有机碳在个别站位已成为预警因子;沉积物环境质量总体良好,综合评价指数介于0.267~0.636之间,均属于第一类海洋沉积物质量;个别站位铜、有机碳含量偏高,存在超标现象。此外,本文通过构建的海洋沉积物质量综合评模式计算过程简单、权重确定不受人为主观因素的影响、反映沉积物综合质量的时空变化特征比较客观,具有普适性。     

鄱阳湖丰水期不同底质类型下氮、磷含量分析

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