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1.
国际上对气候因素引致人口迁移的直接关联性和重要程度一直存在争议.2010年我国西南地区遭受的特大千旱给探索极端气候事件和气候变化移民之间的复杂关系提供了研究背景.在此特大干旱影晌下,当地农村居民是否、以及怎样采用迁移的方式来应对?本文以2010年8-9月在受灾严重的云南省昆明市寻甸县所进行的田野调查为基础,揭示了特大干旱背景下当地农村人口的迁移行为及特征.调研结果表明在所调查的村组并未因此极端气候事件而引起大规模的气候变化移民活动,无论是暂时的还是永久的.为了解释灾后当地农村人口的迁移选择,本文引入“气候变化一人口迁移响应”的基本理论框架模型,考虑公共和私人两个层面的作用,对当地政府、村集体和农户自身的灾后适应行为进行深入分析和效果评价.结果表明在公共层面的各类帮扶和救助下,农户自身亦采取了多样化的适应措施,两个层面适应行为的共同作用缓解了特大干旱给农户生计带来的压力,使得农户家庭成员的迁移并不成为必须的选择. 相似文献
2.
京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的特征与影响机理 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
文章基于流动人口动态调查数据,使用空间相关分析、Multiple Logistic Regression等分析方法,对京津冀地区流动人口家庭化迁移的程度、空间特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结论显示:京津冀地区约65%左右的流动人口实现了家庭式迁移,一次性举家迁移已成为流动人口家庭迁移过程的主要模式;流动人口的家庭式迁移比重具有明显的空间差异,形成以北京、天津、张家口为轴线的高比重区域,其它地区则以地级城市为中心向外围递减,流动人口的家庭式迁移具有显著的空间依赖性;个体层面的性别、婚姻、年龄、流入时长等因素及家庭层面的家庭规模、家庭总收入、平均年龄、子女数量等因素均对流动人口的家庭迁移状态有显著影响,且流动人口的家庭式迁移表现出明显的基于经济发展水平的区域偏好。 相似文献
3.
Dong Suocheng Tao Shu YangWangzhou Li Fei LiShuangcheng Li Yu Liu Hongyan 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2012,10(2)
Climate change and urbanization issues are the two key factors that make humans liable to be affected by disasters, which are overlapped in urban agglomeration. The five big urban agglom- erations of C... 相似文献
4.
This article proposed the concept of"climate capacity"as a way of measuring human’s adaptiveness to climate change.This article also focused on the related concepts like ecological carrying capacity,water resources carrying capacity,land carrying capacity as well as population carrying capacity.The concept of climate capacity was articulated against a background of global climate and environmental change.Essentially,China’s efforts to adapt to climate change was a matter of improving climate capacity,which is the ecosystem as well as the frequency,the intensity and the scale of human’s social activities that the climatic resources of a particular geographic area were supposed to support.The climate capacity has two components.One is the natural climate capacity,which includes temperature,sunlight,precipitation,extreme climatic events,etc.The other is the derived climate capacity,which includes water resources,land resources,ecological systems,climatic risks,etc.The climate capacity can be developed or be transferred between regions by taking engineering,technology or regime-based adaptive measures.However,these adaptive measures must be implemented under the principle of economic rationalism,ecological integrity,climate protection,and social justice.It is expected that by combining the climate capacity and its threshold value with the assessment of climate change risks,we are able to predict the optimal population carrying capacity and the scale of socioeconomic development,and furthermore,provide policy support for the socioeconomic development strategy and adaptive planning.In the regions with high climate capacity,there is a symbiotic relationship between adaptation and socioeconomic development.But,in the regions with limited climate capacity,irrational development may further damage the environment.Taking the Yangtze River delta,a region with high climate capacity,and a region of Ningxia,a region with limited climate capacity,as illustrative examples,the authors of this article analyzed the policy implications of climate capacity and further made suggestions on the problems of capacitylimited adaptation and development-driven adaptation.This article argued that the concept of climate capacity can not only be used as an analytical instrument of climate change economics,but also it can provide research support for planning regional adaptation and development with climate change impact and risk assessments. 相似文献
5.
Warren Pearce Mike Hulme Sujatha Raman Eleanor Hadley Kershaw Judith Tsouvalis 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(6):723-730
Several studies have been using quantified consensus within climate science as an argument to foster climate policy. Recent efforts to communicate such scientific consensus attained a high public profile but it is doubtful if they can be regarded successful. We argue that repeated efforts to shore up the scientific consensus on minimalist claims such as “humans cause global warming” are distractions from more urgent matters of knowledge, values, policy framing and public engagement. Such efforts to force policy progress through communicating scientific consensus misunderstand the relationship between scientific knowledge, publics and policymakers. More important is to focus on genuinely controversial issues within climate policy debates where expertise might play a facilitating role. Mobilizing expertise in policy debates calls for judgment, context and attention to diversity, rather than deferring to formal quantifications of narrowly scientific claims. 相似文献
6.
Vally Koubi 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(3):197-202
ABSTRACTDoes climate change lead to violent conflict? This article reviews the existing literature connecting climatic conditions to conflict. It finds that the existing literature has not detected a robust and general effect from climate to conflict onset. Moreover, there exists scientific agreement that climatic changes can contribute to conflict under some conditions and through certain pathways. In particular, the recent literature offers considerable suggestive evidence that climatic changes can lead to conflict in countries and/or regions, which are dependent on agriculture, host politically excluded groups, and have ineffective institutions. Future research should focus not only on understanding of the pathways and contexts in which climatic changes are most likely to increase or exacerbate the risk of conflict but also work to understand the mechanisms by which climate variability and change might cause conflict. 相似文献
7.
通过对IPCC成立背景、工作机制、主要报告与影响、有关争议的研究,特别是有关历史背景和第六次评估报告的进展,提出对中国开展气候变化评估的启示建议,供中国相关工作参考。对IPCC成立历史背景的研究发现,在科学家和国际组织的持续推动下,气候变化越来越得到各国政府的重视,为避免独立专家组可能带来的激进环保主义倾向,1988年成立了政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC),将专家纳入到政府间框架下专门开展气候变化评估,提供关于气候变化的权威信息,并遵循科学家与政府一致同意方才发布报告的原则开展工作。IPCC通过组织会员国推荐的志愿专家开展评估,建立了由主席团、工作组构成的专家评估团队以及支持主席团政务工作的秘书处、支持工作组的技术支持组,按照建立组织与程序、确定评估范围与专家、编制与审稿、批准与发布等四个环节开展工作。自1990年以来已经发布了五次评估报告,为《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)、《京都议定书》《巴黎协定》等协议的达成提供了科学依据,目前正在开展第六次评估,将重点面向2023年UNFCCC全球盘点。虽然IPCC在工作审查程序、行政管理效率、政府批准决策者摘要等方面有一些争议,但工作总体上是成功的,并在2010年进行了改革优化,受到科学界和国际组织的承认和拥护。从IPCC的经验来看,积极寻找和达成共识是科学与政治决策协同合作的核心要素,未来气候评估将更加重视科学与政策的联系以及跨学科、跨领域、技术驱动和不确定性问题,针对复杂系统的科学评估需要不断完善相应管理制度,中国气候评估也需要积极响应国际进展,突出特色与重点。 相似文献
8.
气候变化问题、气候变化及其不利影响所导致的现实或潜在的大量气候移民已成为21世纪人类社会面临的严峻挑战,是现阶段人类社会普遍关注的核心问题之一。通过对社会发展进程中各种主客观因素叠加作用导致的渐变缓发性气候风险、极端突变灾害性气候风险等诸种气候变化现象所导致的气候移民问题的剖析,结合已有的研究文献对历史、现实条件下气候变化导致的气候移民产生的机理与逻辑展开分析,以把握其演变发展趋势。从而对气候移民进行概念上的辨析、梳理和界定,以揭示气候移民的实体内涵、本质特点与根本属性;并依据移民的迁移意愿、迁移时限长短、迁移的空间区域和距离远近、导致气候移民的不同致因对其进行类型上的划分与归类,以期加深我们对气候移民问题的深入理解与认知,更好把握气候移民问题产生的本质与演变发展规律。从而为有效破解各种气候变化现象导致的气候移民难题,化解气候移民面临的各种社会风险,促进社会的良性运行与协调发展做出初步探索。 相似文献
9.
湖南怀化地区96.7城市特大洪涝灾害成因分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
邹邵林 《长江流域资源与环境》1998,(3)
湖南省怀化地区地形以山地为主,该地区1996年7月发生了城市特大洪涝灾害,本文概述了该地区96.7城市洪涝灾情,并以区域灾害系统论为指导,从孕灾环境、致害因子、承灾能力和人类活动的不利影响等方面,对这次灾害的成因进行了分析,认为其主要成因是:(1)易洪涝的山丘区环境;(2)96.7降雨强度大、覆盖面广、持续时间长的异常雨情和高洪峰水位、流量的异常水情;(3)城市防洪标准低、水利水电工程防洪效益差和抗洪害意识不强等原因造成的城市防洪能力低;(4)砍伐森林、人为侵占河道和大型水库超常规蓄水等人类活动造成的不利影响。 相似文献
10.
Climate change is expected to be a major driving force of landscape in the coming decades. It will have a multitude of potential impacts that vary in intensity and effect according to region and sector. In the context of global warming, the climate of China has changed significantly in the recent 100 years. The reason for climate change in China is mainly due to irrational land use caused by human activities, which chiefly results in the rapid industrialization and urbanization process. Based on an assessment model, this research represents a picture of the impacts of climate change in six districts of Hangzhou region. The aim of this paper is to conclude, on the one hand, some of Hangzhou sensitivities in relation to the primary effects of climate change. On the other hand, a reflection is made on a methodology to formulate preconditions on a scientific basis for further research by design of integrated adaptation options for the future spatial developments in function to upgrade Hangzhou resilience in relation to climate change challenges. 相似文献
11.
气候变化是当今人类社会面临的最严峻的全球性环境挑战之一,气候变化谈判关乎各国在气候秩序中的权力与义务,涉及到各国经济发展的根本利益,已经成为国际政治博弈的新舞台.根据联合国气候变化框架公约和巴厘路线图精神,发达国家应承担起历史责任,向发展中国家提供新的、额外的、可持续的、可预测的资金支持,帮助其应对气候变化的不利影响.但是,由于发达国家缺乏履行公约义务的政治诚意,长期以来在资金问题上同发展中国家展开了艰苦的斗争.哥本哈根会议后,全球应对气候变化资金呈现出资金来源多样化,资金规模逐渐缩水,资金治理机制对发达国家出资约束力近一步降低的趋势.各利益集团围绕资金机制谈判展开激烈博弈,欧盟与美国正在逐步突破“共同但有区别的责任”原则,争夺气候变化谈判领导权并力图将我国拉入出资国之列,发展中国家阵营逐步分化为“基础四国”、“小岛屿国家”、“最不发达国家”等,保持共同立场难度日渐增大.尽管绿色气候基金在德班会议后正式启动,若无资金注入,也只能为未来资金机制谈判带来不确定性.面对上述形势,我国应坚持公约基本原则,坚持发展中国家定位,加强综合研究及前瞻性判断,以积极的姿态和务实的态度参与应对气候变化的国际谈判,以争取自身的发展权益,维护国家核心利益.同时,探索在当前发展阶段下发展低碳经济和建立低碳社会的路线图,不断提高减缓和适应气候变化的能力,实现自觉减排,为全球应对气候变化做出积极贡献. 相似文献
12.
袁佳双张永香 《中国人口.资源与环境》2022,32(9):47-52
全球气候治理的行动离不开气候变化科学认知的进步。随着世界主要国家和地区相继宣布其碳中和目标,应对气候变化问题正经历着从科学探索、控制温室气体排放、到低碳转型、共建人类命运共同体的系统变革。文章通过追溯全球气候治理的历史演进和碳中和的科学基础,指出气候变化科学进步在量化温室效应、明确当前气候变化归因和估算碳排放空间发挥的重要作用,并促使气候治理由定性描述逐渐转化为定量目标,同时确定了通过碳中和来实现应对气候变化的路径。文章通过系统分析中国气候变化科学现状,指出尽管中国科研水平在不断提高,但与美国等发达国家相比仍存在很大差距。主要表现为重大研究成果不足,研究领域分布严重不均衡、影响面窄,不足以有效服务国家气候变化内政外交等。中国碳中和之路任重道远,急需科技支撑助力。文章最后提出应围绕实现碳中和目标,优化完善中国气候变化科学建设,建立气候变化科学的“1+N”发展体系,引导研究与发展需求相结合;建立对应人才体系,在国际气候治理中积极有效地发挥中国智慧,助力中国碳中和的实现。 相似文献
13.
对当前全球气候变化问题的思考 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
全球气候变化问题已经超越了一般环境问题的范畴,而成为国际政治经济外交关系的重要考虑因素。随着《京都议定书》的实施以及气候变化问题谈判进程的加快.对我国未来经济社会发展提出了挑战。文章分析认为.要求主要发展中国家承诺减限排义务的压力与日俱增,而我国开始进入工业化中期.应对气候变化问题的能力还比较薄弱。因此.提出应对全球气候变化问题的一些思考:(1)充分认识全球气候变化问题的重要性和严峻性,准确把握国际谈判进程;(2)加快制定适应和减缓气候变化的国家战略。采取适合我国国情的有力措施积极应对气候变暖;(3)加强气候变化领域的能力建设.提高我国参与全球气候变化活动的能力;(4)充分利用国际合作机制,提高我国应对气候变化的技术水平与经济能力。 相似文献
14.
走向更为积极的气候变化政策与管理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国目前应对气候变化的策略表现为:将气候变化政策视为可持续发展政策的一部分;在参与全球气候变化的国际协议方面有着鲜明立场;重视气候变化方面的科学研究;把气候变化问题作为环境外交的重要部分;努力吸引公众参与等方面。但在政策的制定和执行中仍缺乏应有的积极性、主动性和前瞳性。我国的气候变化治理结构存在的问题主要包括:缺乏明确的决策机构和执行机构。科学研究对政策制定的支持能力不足,公众参与薄弱.企业减缓气候变化的动力不足。针对这些问题.提出了以“走向更为积极的气候变化政策与管理”为核心的改进治理结构的政策建议。 相似文献
15.
Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As a complicated concept with ethical implications, equity or fairness in the field of climate change mitigation concerns the relations not only between individual human beings but also between human beings and the nature. In this paper, after the review of equity between individuals, market and non-market attributes of emissions rights are distinguished and discussed. Based on the argument of equal per capita emissions rights, three types of emissions rights and the concept of minimum emissions rights as social security are proposed. 相似文献
16.
Jonas Kaiser Markus Rhomberg 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2016,10(5):556-574
Despite numerous international studies on climate change, there is skepticism in the media and it is prominent in public opinion polls. This article focuses in particular on the framing of climate skepticism in Germany, a country that, in the main, is said to be convinced about climate change. By using a two-step content analysis of 379 news articles (print and online) we demonstrate that climate skepticism is present in German news media reporting on the 17th Conference of the Parties (COP17) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, South Africa. We identify two overarching skepticism frames: skepticism about the phenomenon of climate change and about climate science. Our analysis further shows that climate skepticism is not exclusive to a specific political ideology, even though a newspaper's ideology may influence how skeptical frames are being evaluated. 相似文献
17.
选取南水北调西线工程引水区5个水文站与相应气象站近50 a径流、降雨、温度、日照时间序列资料,首先对自相关性显著水平5%的序列进行去白化处理,运用Mann Kendall法进行趋势检验和突变分析,并通过Spearman法和双累积曲线图形法对结果进行验证。此外,运用Pearson方法分析径流与各气候因子间的相关性。结果表明:50 a来,引水区年径流量变化趋势总体不明显,但近10 a来,除直门达水文站外,其余4个站有进一步减少的趋势;雨量和日照时间变化趋势并不明显,温度有较显著升高。总体而言,气候变化是流域径流量变化的主要影响因素,未来径流量变化还需从气温、降水、径流、冰川等时空分布特性综合研究 相似文献
18.
荒漠化对全球气候变化的响应 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
卢琦 《中国人口.资源与环境》2002,12(1):95-98
荒漠化对气候的影响是通过干扰干旱地区的地 -空能量交换平衡机制而产生效力的。旱地对全球温室气体的贡献率估计在 5 %~ 10 % ,其中旱地退化的贡献率小于 5 %。温室气体的积累将导致 2 1世纪全球升温 1~5℃。利用NOAA -AVHRR卫星影像监测到 ,Sahara半干旱区边缘的植被变化与年降雨变率有关。 1980~ 1990的十年间 ,Sahara地区 2 0 0mm年降雨量的南界有较大的波动。 相似文献
19.
巢清尘 《中国人口.资源与环境》2016,(8):6-9
科学研究和评估工作推动了国际应对气候变化进程,并加大了各国行动力度。更多的科学证据表明人类活动是造成全球气候变暖的主要原因;气候变化影响、适应和脆弱性研究范围不断扩展和深化,区域甚至次国家级层面的问题受到高度关注;2℃温控目标的实现已然成为共识,政策协调与集成及相关政策在不同领域的协同作用成为研究的热点。未来中国应对气候变化需要在四个方面进一步开展研究和采取行动:1加强不同学科和领域的研究工作,围绕与实现温升控制1.5℃、土地利用、海洋以及城市相关问题开展专题研究。2加强国内绿色低碳转型和国际谈判的战略研究。3构建气候服务体系,以灾害风险管理为抓手,提升气候变化适应水平。4通过构建能源互联网实现能源变革,加快推进国内能源革命和经济发展的低碳转型。 相似文献
20.
Abstract As a complicated concept with ethical implications, equity or fairness in the field of climate change mitigation concerns the relations not only between individual human beings but also between human beings and the nature. In this paper, after the review of equity between individuals, market and non-market attributes of emissions rights are distinguished and discussed. Based on the argument of equal per capita emissions rights, three types of emissions rights and the concept of minimum emissions rights as social security are proposed. 相似文献