绿僵菌液体培养的条件及其对马尾松毛虫的毒力

在不同温度和不同光照条件下对3株金龟子绿僵菌和1株贵州绿僵菌的液体深层培养研究表明，光照对菌丝生长和液生分生孢子产量均无显著影响。但培养温度显著影响菌丝生长和液生分生孢子的产出率，25-28℃为液体深层培养绿僵菌的适宜温度，其中以28℃最佳，对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的室内毒力测定表明，绿僵菌液生分生孢子的毒力略低于气生分生孢子。     

绿僵菌防治第1代马尾松毛虫的研究

供试的绿僵菌和白僵菌菌种在室内对马尾松毛虫2～3龄幼虫的毒力相当.在25℃条件下,绿僵菌的n (LC50)=1.06×107 L-1, t (LT50) = 7.95～12.04 d (n(spore)=1.0×1011～1.0×107 L-1);白僵菌的n( LC50) =1.37×106 L-1 ,t (LT50) = 7.48～11.27 d ( n(spore) = 1.0×1011～1.0×107 L-1).试验显示与白僵菌相比,绿僵菌具有较强的耐高温和耐旱特性.在高温、低湿的条件下绿僵菌的杀虫效果优于白僵菌.林间防治试验也表明,绿僵菌防治第1代马尾松毛虫的效果显著优于白僵菌,显示出较好的应用前景.表8 参14     

生淀粉糖化酶产生菌Aspergillus niger(6#)的分离筛选及其产酶条件

从大曲中分离到了1株降解生淀粉能力较强的黑曲霉Aspergillusniger(6#).固体发酵酶活可达2461U/g,RDA值为21.47%;液体发酵酶活可达353U/mL,RDA值为20.30%.以6#菌为实验材料,进一步考察了氮源、碳源及pH对生淀粉糖化酶形成的影响.实验结果表明,无机氮源NaNO3较有机氮源蛋白胨更有利于生淀粉糖化酶的形成;pH是影响生淀粉糖化酶形成的重要因素,低pH会阻遏生淀粉糖化酶的形成;玉米粉和麦芽糖较其它碳源更有利于生淀粉糖化酶的形成.图4表2参12     

嗜碱细菌降解木质素的复合碳源共代谢研究Ⅰ——复合碳源组合方式及氮源的选择

研究在碱性液体培养条件 (pH =1 0 .5)下 ,不同碳源组合方式对嗜碱木质素降解菌产酶及降解麦草木质素的降解率的影响。研究结果表明 ,在蔗糖 (第一碳源 ) +麦草木质素 (第二碳源 )的组合方式下 ,并将硝酸铵作为氮源且碳氮比为 1 :1 .2时 ,该菌株的产酶及降解能力效果理想。     

甜菜夜蛾增殖马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒研究

以甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)作为替代宿主增殖马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒(DpCPV)的研究结果表明,DpCPV在甜菜夜蛾体内连续传代3次后得到的DpCPV-Se3与DpCPV具有相同的电泳图谱;多角体和病毒粒子在电镜下观察,未发现形态上的明显变化.生测结果表明,DpCPV-Se3与DpCPV回接松毛虫试验,其半数致死浓度分别为0.92×103 PIB/mL和1.44×103PIB/mL,二者毒力差异不显著.以甜菜夜蛾增殖DpCPV,多角体产量达到2.34×108PIB/头.用DpCPV-Se3和DpCPV的S7和S10片段分别进行同源性序列分析,结果没有明显变化.认为利用甜菜夜蛾增殖DpCPV用于生物防治具有可行性.     

一株桃树内生真菌Pestalotiopsis vismiae N1培养条件优化与抗氧化、抗菌活性分析

对一株内生真菌韦司梅拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis vismiae)的培养条件进行探究,在此基础上进一步对其发酵提取物抗氧化、抗菌活性进行分析.通过测定菌丝的生长速度寻找菌丝培养适宜的温度、碳源、氮源和pH,并采用正交试验优化培养条件;通过测定菌株深层发酵液提取物对羟基和DPPH自由基的清除率以分析其抗氧化活性;通过测定菌株深层发酵液提取物对多种病原细菌抑菌圈大小的影响来分析其抗菌活性.结果表明,韦司梅拟盘多毛孢菌丝最适宜培养温度为25℃,在该温度培养条件下菌丝生长最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为酵母提取粉,最佳初始pH为6.5,这3种因素的显著性差异大小顺序为碳源氮源 pH;菌株深层发酵液提取物具有良好的抗氧化活性,其对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基清除率的EC50分别为1.19 mg/mL和0.56 mg/mL;菌株发酵液提取物对铜绿假单胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均具有一定的抑制作用;深层发酵液提取物抗氧化和抗菌活性具有一定的稳定性.本研究结果可为深入开发利用该真菌资源提供科学依据.(图12表3参26)     

松毛虫遗传多样性研究中AFLP反应体系的建立

以油松毛虫为材料,对T4 DNA连接酶不同用量、预扩增中的Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度以及选择性扩增巾的预扩增产物稀释倍数、Mg2~(2+) 浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了比较分析.最终建立了适合松毛虫的AFLP反应体系.用优化的AFLP反应体系,以油松毛虫、赤松毛虫和马尾松毛虫为材料筛选引物,从81对引物组合中筛选出10对多态性高的引物组合.图9参17     

3株真菌对毒死蜱的降解特性

从污水排放口污泥中分离到3株以毒死蜱为唯一碳源生长的真菌WZ-Ⅰ、WZ-Ⅱ、WZ-Ⅲ,鉴定均为镰孢霉属(FusariumLK. exFx). 3株菌5d内对50mgL-1毒死蜱的降解率分别高达93. 5%、91. 4%和83. 5%.测定了不同碳源、pH、温度及毒死蜱浓度对真菌降解能力和生长量的影响.结果表明,以毒死蜱为唯一碳源且其浓度为20~200mgL-1,pH6. 5~9. 0,温度30 ~40℃时,真菌的降解效果较好;真菌生长量随外加碳源浓度的增加而增加,在pH 6. 5 ~9. 0时生长量较大,且当毒死蜱浓度为50mgL-1,温度40℃时其生长量最大. 图5表1参18     

高原土壤中稻瘟病拮抗细菌的抑菌效果及抗菌机理

利用平板稀释法从西藏7个不同地点的土壤中分离筛选细菌,并通过平板对峙法对所分离菌株的稻瘟病菌抑制效果进行初筛,获得一株拮抗细菌YN01,对其进行生理生化和分子生物学鉴定、最适生长和发酵条件筛选,分泌IAA和铁载体能力检测及稻瘟病菌孢子抑制实验.经形态、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定,确定菌株YN01为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus).YN01对稻瘟病菌丝生长的抑制率超过90%,最适生长碳源、氮源分别为蔗糖和酵母粉,在pH值低于6时不能正常生长,最适生长温度为30-35℃;碳源及氮源分别为乳糖和谷氨酸、pH值为8以及培养温度为30-35℃时发酵液抑菌活性最强;YN01能够分泌IAA,浓度达到4.287 mg/L,同时能够产生铁载体,可溶性指数为1.72;与阴性对照相比,菌悬液和发酵液对稻瘟病菌的孢子萌发起到显著的抑制效果.拮抗菌菌体通过与病原菌丝进行营养和空间位点竞争以及产生有抑菌效应的代谢产物,从而导致稻瘟病菌的孢子萌发缓慢,菌丝发育停滞,扰乱其生理活动,达到抑菌目的.综上,拮抗细菌YN01具有较强的抑菌活性,是潜在的植物病原真菌生防菌资源,具有一定的开发与应用价值.     

鞭式节丛孢(Arthrobotrys flagrans CBS583.91)对氯化钠和氯化镉的耐受性

首次报道了鞭式节丛孢的氯化钠和氯化镉耐受性,在查氏平板上培养39d，鞭式节丛孢对氯化钠的最高耐受浓度为0．6mol L^-1，对氯化镉的最高耐受浓度为3．0mmol L^-1；在LCMA平板上，0．18mol L^-1氯化钠抑制三维菌网的形成，0．30mol L^-1氯化钠抑制厚垣孢子的萌发，0．05mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制三维菌网形成，0．07mmol L^-1氯化镉抑制厚垣孢子萌发．图1表3参8     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.