贸易对环境的影响：主要问题和挑战

对贸易与环境之间相互作用的了解的加深产生了制定环境保护手段和贸易手段的新方法，这篇文章回顾了有关贸易与环境关系的理论和实验性工作，中心内容是经济全球化和贸易自由化的环境影响（正面的和负面的）。文章还探讨了它们对贸易和环境政策的影响。     

中国消耗臭氧层物质非法进出口贸易状况和对策分析

分析了我国在保护臭氧层工作中在进出口贸易方面存在的问题,重点分析了消耗臭氧层物质（ODS）非法贸易的形式,尤其是ODS作为制冷剂的非法贸易形式,论述了ODS非法贸易工作的防范重点。同时,分析了非法贸易产生的主要原因,阐述了我国控制ODS非法贸易的措施和成效,以及非法贸易对我国履行环境国际公约工作的危害。最后,就强化ODS进出口管理、减少杜绝ODS非法贸易提出工具体的对策建议：调整氟化工行业产品的出口退税率,加强打击“三非”能力和ODS进出口管理机构建设。     

关于贸易与环境关系的几点认识及其对我国的启示

环境与贸易是环境与发展的热点问题之一。环境与贸易的主要关系问题包括贸易活动本身与环境的关系问题 ,以及贸易规则与环境的关系问题。环境成本外部化是这些问题的根源。我国在新形势下针对这些问题应当采取相应的对策措施。     

我国结构贸易融资模式存在问题及对策

加入WTO以来,我国出口贸易快速增长,对外贸易的增长己经开始由注重量的增加转向了对质的关注.我国企业应借鉴国际先进经验,积极开展多种形式的贸易融资,研究和应用符合具体贸易项目的结构贸易融资方案.这样做不仅可以提升我国出口产品结构,帮助国家重点扶植企业走出国门,而且对于我国银行系统在开放的金融环境中参与国际竞争同样具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.参5.     

建筑物对空气污染扩散影响的研究

本文简要地介绍了建筑物对空气污染物扩散的影响，回顾了风洞实验，回顾了风洞实验、现场观测和模型计算机等几种研究方法及结果的对比情况，重点讲话了各种计模型的性质和适用范围及使用效果，并展望了未来计算建筑物影响污染物扩散方法的发展趋势。     

气候变化对物种影响研究综述

综述了气候变化对物种的影响,表明气候变化会造成生物物候期的改变,导致物种地理分布的变化,增加物种的灭绝速率。分析了利用模型进行气候变化影响模拟的技术,指出模型的适用性和不确定性。最后,针对中国相关研究的不足,展望了未来开展气候变化影响研究的方向。     

东欧和中亚对ODS非法贸易的零容忍度

在加入欧盟仅仅两个星期之后。匈牙利在布达佩斯世界海关组织中心主办了一次别开生面的会议．根据全球环境基金(GEF)“促进履行《蒙特利尔议定书》关于经济转型国家贸易和许可规定。的地区项目，匈牙利海关和财政护卫组织与UNEP DTIE臭氧行动计划联合组织了此次地区研讨会．来自东欧和中亚21个国家的政府代表和海关官员讨论了针对环境犯罪，     

国际金融危机背景下中国服务贸易的开放

近年来我国服务贸易保持着稳健发展,逐步跻身全球服务贸易大国行列.国际金融危机对我国服务贸易的发展既是严峻挑战,又带来了新的发展机遇.本文就在国际金融危机背景下,中国服务贸易面对机遇和挑战将如何开放提出了几点对策.     

组合施肥技术对黑土肥力影响的研究

采取定位试验的方法研究了组合施肥技术对土壤有机质、氮、磷的影响。结果表明,组合施肥较单施化肥土壤有机质含量增加1.8～3.3g/kg;土壤全氮增加0.05g/kg,速效氮(除Ⅱ处理外)增加6.6～44.6mg/kg;土壤全磷增加0.15～0.29g/kg.速效磷增加15.68～37.21mg/kg。土壤有机质增量为0.6～23g/kg;土壤氮素增量全氮增加0.002～0.25g/kg,速效氮增加11.6～39.4mg/kg;土壤磷素增量全磷增加0.09～0.24g/kg,速效磷增加23.59～57.28mg/kg。在保持土壤肥力有所提高的情况下,玉米大豆两年平均产量提高7.7％～17.3％,净收入提高19.4％～37.3％,由此可见,组合施肥技术应用前景广阔。     

会计电算化对传统内部审计的影响及对策研究

会计电算化给传统内部审计工作带来了深刻的影响,如审计线索改变、会计系统内部控制改变、审计内容改变等,显然传统的手工审计已不能适应电算化的要求,对这种变化必须予以认识并加以改进.     

金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式

通过对金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式的研究,得到以下结论：（1）在不同空间位置的矿物元素对河水的水质贡献率不相同。河水成分贡献主要来源于硅酸盐风化,在金水河流域生态系统不同空间位置矿物元素对河水水质贡献率方程为：YRiverwater=0.242＋0.203 XRain＋0172 XLitter＋0.471 XSoilwater（r2=0.55）。（2）固-液相界面（土壤-土壤水溶液）离子交换过程拟合表明：离子交换过程符合二、三次曲线模型。（3）区域内碳酸盐岩含较少的Na＋和K＋,且受酸雨等影响。Na＋在土壤-土壤溶液之间的分配行为可能加重土壤盐碱化的趋势。土壤和枯枝落叶层HCO3-和TDS值均处于稳定的范围内。（4）输入性污染分析表明,流域内土壤基本表现出物理性质改善;但却表现出贫养化和生物地球化学性质恶化的极化趋势。人为活动输入污染物影响显著,在全球变化背景下,酸雨和干旱加剧了水溶液组成的变化。     

膜型树脂在土壤养分测试中的应用进展

回顾了离子交换树脂在土壤养分测试中的应用及其发展变迁的3个阶段;综述了国内外离子交换树脂膜（膜型树脂）的研究进展;同时对该技术未来应用的前景及其进一步发展存在的问题进行了讨论。     

水、氮控制对短花针茅草原气体交换的影响

随着对气候变化日趋关注,人们对生态系统气体交换及其主要影响因素进行了大量研究。短花针茅草原作为荒漠草原的典型代表,是亚洲特有的一种草原类型,是最干旱的草原类型,生态环境异常严酷,系统极度脆弱,稳定性差,在自然和人为干扰下极易退化。以短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）草原为研究对象,通过控制降雨量以及氮素添加对生态系统气体交换进行监测,研究气体交换对降雨量和氮素添加的响应过程,揭示降雨量和氮素添加对生态系统气体交换的影响作用。该文在2012年自然条件下,采用自动CO2通量系统（Li-6400, Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA）野外测定短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）草原生态系统气体交换数据,比较研究了增雨施肥（WN）、增雨不施肥（W）、减雨施肥（RN）、减雨不施肥（R）、单独施肥（N）、自然状况（CK）条件下2012年气体交换变化规律。结果表明：整个生长季生态系统净 CO2交换（NEE）、总的生态系统生产力（GEP）、生态系统呼吸值（ER）都呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在生长旺盛期（8月）达到最大值。NEE在N、W处理下有升高,其他处理都降低。ER在N、WN处理下都有升高,其他处理都降低。GEP在W、N、WN处理下都有升高,其他处理都降低。NEE、ER、GEP都是在N处理中达到最大值。     

Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds

The trade in wild animals involves one‐third of the world's bird species and thousands of other vertebrate species. Although a few species are imperiled as a result of the wildlife trade, the lack of field studies makes it difficult to gauge how serious a threat it is to biodiversity. We used data on changes in bird abundances across space and time and information from trapper interviews to evaluate the effects of trapping wild birds for the pet trade in Sumatra, Indonesia. To analyze changes in bird abundance over time, we used data gathered over 14 years of repeated bird surveys in a 900‐ha forest in southern Sumatra. In northern Sumatra, we surveyed birds along a gradient of trapping accessibility, from the edge of roads to 5 km into the forest interior. We interviewed 49 bird trappers in northern Sumatra to learn which species they targeted and how far they went into the forest to trap. We used prices from Sumatran bird markets as a proxy for demand and, therefore, trapping pressure. Market price was a significant predictor of species declines over time in southern Sumatra (e.g., given a market price increase of approximately $50, the log change in abundance per year decreased by 0.06 on average). This result indicates a link between the market‐based pet trade and community‐wide species declines. In northern Sumatra, price and change in abundance were not related to remoteness (distance from the nearest road). However, based on our field surveys, high‐value species were rare or absent across this region. The median maximum distance trappers went into the forest each day was 5.0 km. This suggests that trapping has depleted bird populations across our remoteness gradient. We found that less than half of Sumatra's remaining forests are >5 km from a major road. Our results suggest that trapping for the pet trade threatens birds in Sumatra. Given the popularity of pet birds across Southeast Asia, additional studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and magnitude of the threat posed by the pet trade.     

Domestic dynamics of crop production in response to international food trade: evidence from soybean imports in China

ABSTRACT

International food trade plays an important role in food security, but little research has been devoted to studying crop dynamics in importing countries caused by trade. We studied the spatiotemporal patterns of soybean planting area in China (the largest soybean importing country) in response to soybean imports. The results show how the soybean planting area from 1980 to 2012 in China is dominated by two temporal patterns, both of which first increased, then decreased, with an 8-year time lag. The first increasing-decreasing pattern is affected by increasing soybean imports, and the second increasing-decreasing pattern is driven by decreasing domestic soybean profits. The results also show spatially distinct spatial patterns: soybean planting area decreased in southeastern China while it increased in northwestern China. Our analysis of soybean planting area helps China and other food-importing countries understand spatiotemporal responses of domestic agricultural cultivations caused by international food trade and agricultural pollution management.     

Effects of pulse current electromagnetic fields on human peripheral lymphocytes

The effects of pulsed current electromagnetic fields (PCEMF) on human peripheral lymphocytes sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and micronuclei (MN) frequencies were investigated. PCEMF were produced by 8/20 μs pulsed current generation with two model types, a long straight wire and a solenoid. Human peripheral lymphocyte samples were exposed to PCEMF (a pulse per min, and continuing for 1 h). SCE and MN assays were used to evaluate the genotoxic effects. The results indicated that SCE and MN incidences correlated positively with B _m and dB/dt. For the long straight wire model, as B _m reached 8.48 × 10^?2 T and dB/dt = 1.06 × 10⁴ T s^?1, the effect was significant. As B _m reached 1.70 × 10^?1 T and dB/dt = 2.13 × 10⁴ T s^?1, the effect was marked. For the solenoid model, the conditions of significant effect were B _m = 0.264 T and dB/dt = 3.30 × 10³ T s^?1 and B _m = 1.32 T and dB/dt = 1.650 × 10⁴ T s^?1. Data indicated that dB/dt was an important factor in increasing the frequencies of MN and SCE in human peripheral lymphocytes.     

酸雨胁迫对木荷叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3种不同pH值（2.5、4.0、5.6）的模拟酸雨溶液对2年生木荷（Schima superba）幼苗叶片气体交换和荧光参数的影响。结果表明：在不同酸雨处理下,净光合速率和气孔导度日变化均呈＂双峰＂型,最大净光合速率和最高表观量子效率（AQE）变化趋势依次是pH4.0〉pH5.6〉pH2.5,说明pH4.0处理对木荷光合作用有促进作用;在不同酸雨处理下,PSⅡ原初光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和相对叶绿素含量均呈现出pH4.0〉pH5.6〉pH2.5的变化趋势,pH4.0酸雨处理下表现出最高值,说明适度降低酸雨pH值（pH4.0）并不会对木荷的光合系统活性造成损伤,反而有促进作用,表明木荷对酸雨有较强的适应能力。     

矿质营养对荔枝裂果率的影响

通过对糯米糍荔枝叶片、果皮、土壤中矿质元素含量的研究,探讨矿质营养对荔枝裂果率的影响。初步探明糯米糍荔枝叶片中的钙、镁、硼含量,果皮中的氮钾比,以及土壤中的N/K比、有机质、交换性钙含量影响其裂果率。