农村生活污水处理现状及工艺研究

日渐增大的农村生活污水无序排放,已经逐渐成为中国环境管理面临的新问题.文章分析了农村生活污水的排放特点、存在的问题以及处理的必要性,介绍了处理农村生活污水的生态系统技术和生物处理技术两大类处理方法的特点和主要原理.文章通过对CWT-M膜处理、SW一体化+人工湿地生活污水处理、ASPS生态湿地处理、AAO等四类处理设施实际运行监测结果的对比分析,指出污水处理设施及工艺的选择要因地制宣、科学设计,使相关设施达到应有的处理效果.     

四川省村镇污水处理工艺调查及适宜性分析

为了解四川省农村示范村镇对生活污水治理效果及村民的环境意识状况,采取问卷调查和取样分析相结合的形式对四川省5个市、6个农村示范村镇的生活污水处理现状、工艺及村民的环境意识进行实地调研。结果表明,大部分人口集中的农村示范村乡镇,建有集中生活污水处理设施,主要污水处理工艺为厌氧-好氧-人工湿地处理系统,而PASG工艺对生活污水中的SS、TN和NH3-N去除率大于90%;人口较分散的农村地区,根据居住区农户数量建有不同规模的人工湿地;在较偏远的农村地区,因缺乏污水处理设施,大部分村民将生活污水直接排放。在所调研的农村地区,大部分受访者认为生活污水乱排主要会产生恶臭、环境卫生和水体污染等问题;50%以上的受访者表示生活污水有必要进行处理,且支付污水处理费用应在10元/(户·月)之内较适宜。而少数偏远农村地区的受访者表示无力支付该费用。此外,对所调研的农村示范村的污水处理工艺存在的问题进行了分析。     

太湖流域某市农村生活污水处理工艺的比较研究

农村生活污水处理是中国“十二五”期间农村环境保护工作的重要内容。对太湖流域某市近年来所采用的5种农村生活污水处理工艺的原理进行了分析,对其运行状况进行了长达一年的跟踪监测,就其投资、建设与运行成本和处理效果进行了比较和总结。其中工艺三处理效果最好,但是投资和运行维护费用也相对最高,工艺四虽然具有投资和运行维护方面的优势,但是处理效果较差,工艺一和工艺二具有投资相对较低,运行维护相对简单,处理效果能够满足要求,是比较适合的农村生活污水处理选择。     

基于层次分析-灰色评价法的北京市农村污水处理技术评估

以北京市农村污水处理设施常见的6种农村污水处理技术作为评估对象,建立了包括处理效果、经济成本、环境影响和运行管理4个准则层、12个评估指标的北京市农村污水处理技术评估体系.基于不同农村污水处理设施出水分类排放要求,利用层次分析-灰色评价法对北京市6种典型农村污水处理技术在不同应用情景下进行了分类评估,得到了北京市不同污水产生和排放情景下的农村污水处理适宜技术.层次分析-灰色评价法适用于多目标的北京市农村污水处理技术决策评估,具有较好的可行性.     

地埋式生活污水处理技术的应用与研究进展

结合国内学者对地埋式污水处理技术的最新研究成果,系统介绍了地埋式生活污水处理技术的特点、分类以及应用现状,根据工艺、处理效果、投资运行费用等方面对不同类型地埋式生活污水处理技术的适用范围进行了详细地划分,为其进一步应用和推广提供理论依据。     

地埋式生活污水处理技术的应用与研究进展

结合国内学者对地埋式污水处理技术的最新研究成果,系统介绍了地埋式生活污水处理技术的特点、分类以及应用现状,根据工艺、处理效果、投资运行费用等方面对不同类型地埋式生活污水处理技术的适用范围进行了详细地划分,为其进一步应用和推广提供理论依据。     

蓬安城市污水处理工程设计

氧化沟工艺是目前城市生活污水处理的主流工艺之一,利用该工艺处理四川蓬安城市生活污水,出水达到了(GB8978-1996)《污水综合排放标准》的一级标准。本文介绍了该污水处理工程的污水水质及处理标准、处理工艺流程的选择、主要处理构筑物和设备、设计特点及处理效果、主要技术经济指标等,供污水处理工程设计人员参考。     

农村生活污水处理工程应用

本文介绍了农村生活污水的特点和处理技术,并以梅州市西阳镇鲤溪村农村生活污水处理工程为例,介绍了该地区农村生活污水处理系统的应用,其处理技术可行和工程运行效果好。     

生活小区污水处理设备的开发与应用

设计开发了生活小区污水处理设备,采用先进的悬浮填料与潜水曝气技术,解决了噪音对周围环境的影响,而且安装、维护方便。通过实际工程应用,该工艺处理效果稳定,对COD的去除率可达80％以上,处理出水远远优于国家二级排放标准,是今后小区生活污水处理的首选工艺之一。     

高浓度农村生活污水处理技术研究

随着城镇化的发展和农村经济水平的提高,农村生活污水已经成为影响中国农村水环境质量的主要因素之一。农村环境的恶化直接威胁农民群众的身体健康,阻碍农村经济发展,因此针对水质特点选择合适的工艺处理农村生活污水至关重要。针对中国部分农村生活污水浓度高的特征,介绍了适宜于中国农村的生活污水净化沼气池技术、生物滤池技术、高效藻类塘处理技术、生物转盘技术、吸附生物降解技术、SBR、人工湿地技术等的技术要点、优缺点、适用范围等,为中国农村地区生活污水处理提供参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.