基于MODIS数据的云南省地表温度反演研究

基于MODIS数据反演云南省地表温度,采用分裂窗算法需要参数较少、易实现。研究表明:云南省地表温度由北向南递增,东部高、西部低,基本符合云南省实际情况。利用气象观测站实测数据进行验证,平均误差为3.16℃,两组数据基本接近,证明基于MODIS数据和分裂窗算法反演云南省地表温度是可行的。     

湿地对福州市热岛效应影响遥感分析

以4期Landsat TM/OLI影像为基础,利用大气校正后的单窗算法对福州市地表温度进行反演并验证.进而利用ArcGIS的空间分析工具和土地利用/覆被类型数据,进行湿地对福州市热岛效应影响分析.结果显示:(1)通过地表温度实测数据对地表温度反演结果进行验证,二者之间R2值为0.9475,满足研究需要;(2)各土地利用...     

基于环境一号卫星的太湖流域地表温度与地表类型的关系分析

利用我国新发射的环境一号小卫星数据,以2010年3月26日环境一号卫星的红外波段为例,尝试根据同步MODIS数据反演大气水汽含量参数,采用Jimenez-Munoz和Sobrino的普适性单通道算法反演地表温度,经MODIS地表温度产品验证,地表温度反演精度满足要求. 将人工目视解译的2009年太湖流域土地利用、地表温度和归一化植被指数作相关性分析. 结果表明:当林地和农田、草地植被指数相同时,林地的地表温度比农田和草地低,因此林地比农田和草地的调节温度效果好,在城市中增加林地的面积,对缓解城市热岛效应的作用最大.      

河北海域海面温度遥感反演业务化算法

对MODIS数据海面温度反演传统劈窗算法进行修正,建立了适用于河北海域的海面温度反演模型。模型的系数是通过河北近海海域海面温度的实测数据与准同步的MODIS数据回归获得。利用实测数据对模型精度进行验证。结果表明,模型反演值与实测值一元线性回归R2为0.984,平均误差为0.4℃,平均相对误差为2.3%,均方根误差为0.5℃,满足业务化监测要求。最后将该反演模型应用到了2012~2014年河北海域海面温度遥感监测,分析统计年际变化趋势。该模型能够较真实地反映河北海域海面温度的分布变化状况。     

AMSR-E观测资料干扰对反演地表参数的影响

针对星载微波成像仪低频窗区通道观测数据中存在大范围无线电频率干扰(简称RFI)的情况,以微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)为例,首先用改进的主成分分析方法对RFI进行识别;进而探讨RFI存在对反演地表参数的影响.然后,利用经过线性拟合RFI订正后的AMSR-E观测资料,采用一维变分1D-Var方法进行地表参数反演,通过对美国地区陆地RFI订正前、后地表反演产品(地表温度及降水率)的比较,发现RFI干扰使得受影响区域反演的地表温度及降水率异常偏高,存在较大误差.因此,在使用星载微波成像仪低频窗区通道观测进行地表参数反演和资料同化前必须进行有效地RFI识别和订正,改进的主成分分析识别方法和线性拟合的RFI订正算法对陆地上观测是有效的.     

基于GOCI数据的霾天气气溶胶辐射强迫的日内变化——以长江三角洲为例

以长江三角洲（以下简称长三角）为研究区,基于2017年10~12月内共16d 94景的晴空静止卫星GOCI L1B图像和6S模型,采用深蓝算法反演长三角地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）,并利用2个实测站数据进行验证.再通过反演得到的AOD结果进一步模拟计算该区域地表和大气层顶的气溶胶直接辐射效应（ADRE）,并结合典型的雾霾天气进行分析.结果表明：利用GOCI数据反演的AOD具有较高拟合精度,北辰楼站点拟合相关性R²为0.68,太湖站点为0.67.空间上,由于气溶胶存在制冷效应,AOD和地表面、大气层顶气溶胶直接辐射强度均呈现出显著的线性关系.时间上,由于气溶胶扩散和风向等因素,早上和下午辐射效应强度较高,中午较低.其中10：00和11：00影像可以较好地模拟日均ADRE的特征,利用ADRE日内变化成功捕捉到一次雾霾爆发并消失的现象,对气象部门监测近地表气温和分析灰霾的形成等具有重要意义.     

基于TVDI的滇西北土壤水分反演研究

以香格里拉为研究区,以2002年、2005年、2009年、2013年以及2015年的Landsat系列影像和气象数据为数据源,利用单窗算法反演地表温度。以Ts-NDVI特征空间原理为基础,应用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)反演香格里拉的土壤水分。通过GIS空间分析法完成对香格里拉2002—2015年的土壤水分动态反演。结果表明:2002年土壤水分含量最高,2005年土壤水分含量大幅度降低,2005—2015年呈持续上升的状态。宏观上比较典型的房屋建筑区及裸地处于严重干旱的状态,典型的耕地林地处呈现出中度干旱或轻度干旱的状态,植被覆盖度高的地区则受干旱影响较小,土壤较湿润。TVDI反演结果切合研究区的下垫面性质,与土地覆被类型密切相关。     

基于MODIS数据的太湖蓝藻变化与水温关系研究

以太湖为研究区,基于2008年4～12月的60景EOS—MODIS 1B遥感影像数据。利用NDVI算法结合目视判读解译了水华分布变化的基本信息,通过劈窗算法反演太湖湖面水温,发现在2008年太湖蓝藻生长、暴发、衰退周期中。水华面积的大小与湖面均温值之间关系密切：在20℃以下时表层水温与太湖蓝藻生长暴发或沉寂消亡具有明显的相关性;20℃-30℃时水华的面积大小受到湖面温度和其他因素的共同影响,容易发生大规模蓝藻暴发：30℃以上时过高的表层水温会对蓝藻的上浮聚集具有一定抑制作用：太湖蓝藻全年消亡的临界温度与其初始生长的临界温度相比更低。研究同时发现太湖湖面温度的空间差异是影响蓝藻水华分布迁移的重要因素之一。     

城市土地利用与地面热效应时空变化特征的关系——以成都市为例

利用2000-2008年TM/ETM+数据,基于遥感、GIS技术与人机交互式判读解译方法获取城市土地利用数据,运用单窗算法和空间建模方法定量反演城市地表温度;在此基础上,对城市土地利用与地面热效应时空变化特征的关系进行分析。结果表明:城市土地利用时空演变以耕地、林地向建设用地、水域转移导致面积快速下降与建设用地不断侵吞耕地为主要特征;土地利用变化导致地面低温区范围减少25.927×10⁴ hm²,常温区和高温区面积分别增加12.093×10⁴ hm²和5.834×10⁴ hm²;高温区中建设用地面积比例最大,建设用地与水域、水田的平均温度分别达最高与最低;地表温度空间格局表现为各温度区呈不同形状的带状分布,热源密集分布在成都市城南高新区、城西住宅区、城中心商贸区以及城东的工业基地等区域,二环路外温度呈下降趋势;建设用地加剧了城市热效应,而水域则缓解了城市热效,不透水性与地表温度的反演结果呈较强的正相关性。因此,研究结论对于热岛效应研究、改善人居环境具有科学意义和应用价值。     

基于FY-3A/VIRR和TERRA/MODIS数据藏北干旱监测对比

为获得藏北地区干旱遥感监测的方法,以及验证FY-3A/VIRR数据在藏北地区干旱监测的可行性,论文基于2015年7月25日—8月4日FY-3A/VIRR和TERRA/MODIS数据,计算NDVI和EVI反演温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）,利用实测20 cm土壤水分数据和气象站点累计降水量验证并对比了两种数据源、不同TVDI的遥感干旱监测的精度。结果表明：1）拟合干湿边时,噪点和拟合像元数影响TVDI监测的精度,去除噪点可提高干湿边拟合精度和干旱监测精度;2）MODIS-TVDI_E（下标E表示EVI反演）、MODIS-TVDI_N（下标N表示NDVI反演）、FY/VIRR-TVDI_E、FY/VIRR-TVDI_N与实测20 cm土壤水分数据和累计降水量的相关性检验都达到了0.05的水平,说明基于两种数据源采用TVDI的方法都能有效监测藏北地区干旱。其中,MODIS-TVDI_E和FY/VIRR-TVDI_E监测精度分别高于MODIS-TVDI_N和FY/VIRR-TVDI_N,表明TVDI_E的监测精度优于TVDI_N。MODIS-TVDI的监测精度高于FY/VIRR-TVDI,反映MODIS数据在藏北地区干旱监测精度优于FY/VIRR数据;3）基于MODIS-TVDI_E和FY/VIRR-TVDI_E划分的藏北地区干旱空间特征结果大体相同,说明FY/VIRR数据也可作为气象部门监测干旱的业务化产品,为藏北地区干旱监测提供数据支撑。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.