固定化枝孢霉吸附Cu2+的研究

通过比较包埋法和载体结合法对枝孢霉的固定化性能，确定海藻酸钠一明胶包埋法为最佳固定方法，并利用正交试验得到固定化菌体制备的最优操作条件．探讨了不同环境因素如接触反应时间、溶液pH、温度对生物吸附Cu^2＋的影响．实验结果表明，固定化菌的吸附作用是先快后慢的过程，在3h达到生物吸附平衡，最佳pH为4．5，在15—45℃温度范围内，吸附量随温度升高有略微增加．在30～400mg L^-1范围内，吸附量随Cu^2＋的初始浓度的增加而增加，整个吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型，在浓度为0．5mol L^-1的多种解吸剂中，HCl的解吸效果最好，解吸率达到99．96％，图3表5参12     

固定化无花果曲霉对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色

采用海藻酸钙法固定不同状态无花果曲霉，形成活菌固定化小球和死菌固定化小球。同时考察了不同因素如培养时间、温度、pH、染料浓度对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色影响。试验结果表明：在33℃、pH为5．0、150r／min的振荡条件下，经66h它对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色达到最佳效果。两种不同状态固定化小球的脱色率有较大的差别，其中活菌固定化小球的脱色率明显高于死菌固定化小球。其中活菌固定化小球经3次脱色后能重复使用，脱色率仍达79．8％。     

海藻酸钠联合玉米秸秆炭包埋固定蜡样芽孢杆菌的条件优化

为探讨耐Cd菌株实际应用的可能性,用海藻酸钠(SA)联合自制的玉米秸秆炭包埋固定耐Cd菌株蜡样芽孢杆菌H6,通过单因素实验与正交实验,优化了包埋固定的最佳配比,并以1 mol·L~(-1)的HNO_3溶液作为解吸剂,考察了固定化小球的重复利用效果.结果表明,在实验设定的条件下,固定化小球的最佳制备条件为:SA浓度4%,包炭量2%,包菌量25%,交联剂CaCl_2浓度2.5%.SA、玉米秸秆炭和菌三者组合制备的小球对Cd~(2+)的吸附能力强于SA或SA单独包埋炭或菌,最高Cd~(2+)吸附量可达5.80 mg·g~(-1).解吸实验结果表明,固定化小球在解吸4次后仍具有较强的吸附能力.因此,固定化小球能有效循环利用且吸附能力较稳定.     

固定化啤酒酵母制剂去除水中重金属离子

研究了天津某啤酒厂啤酒酵母废菌丝制备的生物吸附剂对水中重金属Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附作用;另外,为了增加其实用性,对海藻酸盐固定化啤酒酵母制剂去除重金属的效果及洗脱再生条件进行了研究。结果明,啤酒酵母制剂有较好的吸附能力,5 min就可以达到很高的吸附效率。Langmuir方程可对Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的等温吸附过程进行很好的描述。当pH为5～6时,Cd2+、Zd2+和Cd2+的吸附效率最大,上除率在90％以上。啤酒酵母制剂固定化后,对Cu2+的最大理论吸附量达到15．74 mg/g。用HCl可对固定化制剂进行洗脱和再生。     

pH对黄棕壤重金属解吸特征的影响

对黄棕壤在pH 4~7不同吸附量下6种典型重金属(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+)的解吸进行了测定。结果表明,6种重金属的解吸量随吸附量增加而线性增大,解吸量随pH升高而增加,但解吸量占吸附量的比例随pH升高而降低。在试验条件下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Co2+、Ni2+的平均解吸率分别为8.6%、14.3%、74.1%、9.2%、42.1%和36.9%,表明黄棕壤对6种重金属的专性吸附选择性和亲和力顺序为Cu2+、Pb2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+。     

石灰性褐土中柠檬酸对土壤Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

通过室内培养和吸附-解吸实验,研究了不同柠檬酸含量土壤对Cu2+、Cd2+吸附-解吸的影响.结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随加入柠檬酸量的增加而明显增加,达到峰值后(柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1),吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加而下降,即Cu2+的吸附曲线呈峰型.在低柠檬酸含量时,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量受Cd2+浓度影响较小,但随柠檬酸含量的增加,在低铜浓度处理(Cu2+浓度为600 mg·L-1,Cu600)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增大而增大,但在高浓度铜处理(Cu2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1,Cu1000)下,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随Cd2+浓度的增加而减少.Cu2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加而总体上降低;相同柠檬酸含量下,Cu600处理下,Cd2+浓度为10 mg·L-1(Cd10)条件下Cu2+解吸量明显低于无Cd2+(Cd0)和Cd2+浓度为1 mg·L-1(Cd1)条件下.而Cu1000处理下,Cd2+的浓度对Cu2+解吸量的影响较小.Cd2+吸附量随柠檬酸含量的增加无明显变化,但随Cu2+浓度的增加下降明显,其中无Cu2+处理Cd2+吸附量极显著地高于Cu600和Cu1000处理,而Cu600和Cu1000处理间差异不显著,且土壤对Cd2+的吸附随镉添加量增加而增加;Cd2+的解吸量随柠檬酸含量的增加先增大后保持稳定,在柠檬酸含量为0.5 mmol.kg-1时达到最大,Cu600处理的Cd2+的解吸量显著地高于Cu1000处理.     

海藻酸钙固定混合SRB菌群力学生物吸附Ni2+的动力学

利用海藻酸钙为载体包埋固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)混合菌群,研究了固定化微生物吸附重金属镍离子的动力学特性.结果表明:固定化混合SRB菌群对Ni2+具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量qm高达931.9 mg(Ni2+)/g(SRB)颗粒,是一种颇具应用前景的生物吸附剂.固定化SRB吸附Ni2+的动力学过程可以用准二次动力学方程描述,整个吸附过程可以明显地分为两个阶段,即物理化学吸附阶段和生物沉淀阶段.扩散动力学研究表明,固定化颗粒的内扩散并非是唯一控制吸附速率的机制,整个吸附过程涉及到多种吸附机制.图4表3参14     

椰壳生物炭对多种重金属在广东水稻土中的吸附解吸特性影响

土壤中有毒有害重金属会造成环境污染并危害人体健康.本文基于OECD 106实验准则,采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了多种有效态重金属镉(Cd2+)、钴(Co2+)和铜(Cu2+)在广东省水稻土中的吸附解吸行为特征以及添加椰壳生物炭对吸附解吸行为的影响,并探讨了pH值、温度和添加炭含量对吸附率的影响.结果表明,3种重金属在土壤中的吸附平衡时间为25 h,解吸平衡时间为30 h,添加质量浓度5％椰壳生物炭可使土壤对3种重金属的吸附率提高11.6％ ～20.0％,重金属离子在土壤中的吸附为不可逆吸附,具有明显滞后效应,Cd2+、Co2+和Cu2+的解吸滞后系数分别为33.838、1.347和0.972.在本试验条件下,土壤溶液的pH值随椰壳生物炭含量的增加而增大,温度和含炭量对吸附率的影响呈良好的线性关系(r2>0.951).这表明,在土壤中施用椰壳生物炭能有效缓解土壤中的重金属污染.     

固定化球形红假单胞菌处理电镀废水中Cd和Cr的研究

比较了4种固定化球形红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides)处理含Cd、Cr重金属废水的效果,对固定化菌吸附Cd和Cr的工艺条件进行了优化,并通过生物反应器连续处理实际电镀废水,分析了处理后的效果。通过比较,确定了20g.kg-1沸石和20g.L-1海藻酸钠组合作为共固定材料,固定化菌对Cd和Cr的去除效果明显优于游离菌。采用正交试验优化废水处理工艺条件,结果表明,废水pH值、菌体投加量对固定化菌体的处理效果影响较大,当处理废水的pH值为6.0、菌体投加量为10.00g.L-1时,对40.00mg.L-1含Cd废水的去除率可达96.68%。4轮吸附-解吸循环试验结果显示,固定化菌体可重复利用3次,固定化菌体在使用第3次时,Cd去除率仍可达51.20%。在生物反应器中,用固定化菌体处理质量浓度为92.61mg.L-1的含Cd电镀废水,3h时对Cd的去除率达到98.80%,对含Cu、Au、Ni废水中重金属的去除率也高于90.00%。     

毛木耳对铜的生物吸附影响因子研究

报道了高等真菌毛木耳Auricularia polytricha生物吸附Cu2 的试验研究,以摸清毛木耳菌丝体吸附Cu2 的理想条件。试验评价了影响吸附的溶液pH值,温度,振荡吸附时间,初始金属质量浓度和菌丝体生物质量分数。结果表明:pH值影响毛木耳的吸附能力随溶液中初始Cu2 质量浓度的不同而不同,在低Cu2 质量浓度(10mg·L-1),pH=6时,每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值达到最大(1.4608mg);温度的影响没有规律,在20℃时吸附能力最强;吸收15min时,毛木耳每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2 的吸附值为最高(1.379mg);随着溶液初始Cu2 质量浓度的增加,吸附率增加,但随菌丝体生物质量分数的增加吸附能力下降,当溶液Cu2 的质量浓度为60mg·L-1,下降最明显。毛木耳作为重金属的生物吸附剂有待进一步的深入研究。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.