结晶造粒流化床同步去除水中铁、锰及硬度的中试实验

为了实现水中的铁、锰及硬度的同步去除,利用结晶造粒流化床,在中试规模条件下,考察了药剂投加量、晶种填充高度、水力负荷、连续运行时间等因素对出水效果的影响。结果表明,在进水硬度、铁和锰平均浓度分别为300、0.90和1.90 mg·L?1条件下,当水力负荷为13 m·h?1,晶种填充高度为50 cm,NaOH投加量为100 mg·L?1时,出水水质达标,大部分污染物在流化床底部被去除,出水效果随着运行时间的推移有所增强,硬度、铁及锰的去除率分别为59%、70.6%和96.7%,出水pH为9.6;此外,水中硬度的含量较高时,流化床对锰的去除难度加大。通过对长期运行后晶种的结构变化进行SEM﹑EDS和XPS表征,发现流化床运行过程中,结晶颗粒逐渐长大,表面形成致密的结晶产物,其主要成分为CaCO3、FeOOH、Fe3O4、Mn3O4和MnO2等构成的复合物。研究结果为水中铁﹑锰及硬度的同步去除提供可借鉴的理论参考,具有一定的实践指导意义。     

中试鸟粪石流化床反应器回收污泥强化厌氧释磷上清液中的磷及产品分析

为了探究鸟粪石结晶成粒技术在实际工程中的应用效果及回收的鸟粪石产品作为缓释肥的可能性,利用大规模中试鸟粪石流化床反应器(25 mr3·d-1)处理天津市某污泥厂污泥强化厌氧释磷上清液,探究不同培养时间下鸟粪石结晶成粒情况并系统分析收获的鸟粪石颗粒品质.结果表明,在反应周期内,磷回收率达到95％,鸟粪石颗粒平均粒径随反应...     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化粪产碱杆菌处理高氨氮污泥厌氧消化液

具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性的粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis No.4)直接处理污泥厌氧消化液中的高浓度氨氮时,在60 h内氨氮(原始浓度441 mg/L)去除率约为18%。沼液中碳源验证实验表明,乙酸可作为其优质碳源。因而,可以通过外加乙酸钠的方式来解决污泥厌氧消化液碳源不足的问题。当污泥消化液中添加足够的碳源-乙酸钠使得C/N为10时,Alcaligenes faecalis No.4的脱氮效果良好,氨氮的去除率达到了98%以上。研究结果表明,在利用粪产碱杆菌处理高浓度氨氮沼液时,酸化污泥作为外加碳源的方式具有其理论可行性。     

干化床和芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖化特征

通过现场实验,考查污泥干化床和污泥干化芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖质变化特征,重点分析了污泥腐殖化率和污泥腐殖化指数的变化情况。系统运行了3年,包括前2年的污泥负荷期和第3年的自然稳定期,检测分析在第3年进行。实验结果表明,污泥腐殖质含量历月变化不大,基本在1．1％～2．1％范围;总体上污泥的腐殖化率具有上升趋势,同一时间样品芦苇床中污泥的腐殖化率略高于干化床;污泥腐殖化指数呈上升趋势,但芦苇床略低于传统于化床;4-11月,干化床中的污泥腐殖化指数从0．079升高到0．742,芦苇床从0．042升高到0．715。经过3Y的稳定化处理,污泥的腐殖化程度和腐熟度得到有效提高。     

干化床和芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖化特征简

通过现场实验,考查污泥干化床和污泥干化芦苇床稳定污泥过程中的腐殖质变化特征,重点分析了污泥腐殖化率和污泥腐殖化指数的变化情况。系统运行了3年,包括前2年的污泥负荷期和第3年的自然稳定期,检测分析在第3年进行。实验结果表明,污泥腐殖质含量历月变化不大,基本在1.1%~2.1%范围;总体上污泥的腐殖化率具有上升趋势,同一时间样品芦苇床中污泥的腐殖化率略高于干化床;污泥腐殖化指数呈上升趋势,但芦苇床略低于传统干化床;4—11月,干化床中的污泥腐殖化指数从0.079升高到0.742,芦苇床从0.042升高到0.715。经过3 y的稳定化处理,污泥的腐殖化程度和腐熟度得到有效提高。     

一株异养脱氮菌的脱氮性能及其影响因素研究

研究异养硝化过程中分离得到一株具有异养脱氮性能的菌株,经16S rRNA鉴定后为Providencia rettgeri菌属,命名为Providencia rettgeri strain YL。在实验室条件下,初步探讨了不同碳氮源、温度、pH值、摇床转速和微量元素对Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株脱氮作用的影响,研究结果显示,Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株在葡萄糖和氯化铵为碳氮源的培养基中生长最好,温度为30℃、pH值为7、摇床转速为120 r/min时具有最佳的脱氮效果,微量元素Mg²⁺最有利于Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株的生长和脱氮。     

Organic carbon effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and bacterial community composition in soils and sediments

Certain organic compounds, including biphenyl and salicylic acid, stimulate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degradation by microorganisms in some environments. However, the usefulness of these amendments for improving PCB removal by microorganisms from diverse habitats has not been extensively explored. This study evaluated the effects of biphenyl, salicylic acid, and glucose on changes in aerobic PCB removal and bacterial communities from an agricultural soil, a wetland peat soil, a river sediment, and a mixture of these samples. PCB removal patterns were significantly different between soils and sediments amended with carbon compounds: (i) terrestrial soil microorganisms removed more PCBs than river sediment microorganisms, particularly with regard to PCBs with >4 chlorine substituents, (ii) glucose-supplemented, agricultural soil microorganisms removed more hexachlorobiphenyl than unsupplemented samples, (iii) biphenyl-supplemented, river sediment microorganisms removed more di- and tri-chlorobiphenyls than unamended samples. Carbon amendments also caused unique shifts in soil and sediment bacterial communities, as determined by specific changes in bacterial 16S rRNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns. These results indicate that organic carbon amendments had site-specific effects on bacterial populations and PCB removal. Further work is needed to more accurately characterize PCB degrading communities and functional gene expression in diverse types of environments to better understand how they respond to bioremediation treatments.     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化功能菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从活性污泥中筛选出一株具有异养硝化同时好氧反硝化功能菌N7,经分析鉴定为Acinetobacter calcoaceticus（醋酸钙不动杆菌）。以硫酸铵为氮源、丁二酸钠为碳源,菌株N7对NH4+-N去除率高达99.2%,TN去除率为67.1%,异养硝化效果较好。分别以硝酸钾和亚硝酸钠为氮源,在30℃,150 r·min-1下培养,其TN去除率分别为62.7%和75.0%,表明N7具有良好的好氧反硝化效果。单因素实验结果表明菌株N7的最佳反硝化条件为：温度30℃、转速230 r·min-1、C/N 35、pH 8.1。     

Alternative methods for the pilot-scale production and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This work describes the production/characterization of low molar mass chitosan nanoparticles derived from waste shrimp shells (SSC), as well as from a...     

曝气时长对中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统中污染物去除的影响

浮萍塘污水处理技术具有管理简便、运行成本低、可资源化回收氮磷污染物等优势。然而,因水体溶解氧(DO)不足造成的污染物去除率低的问题限制了该技术的推广应用。为此,本研究在浮萍塘前端引入曝气塘,构建中试曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统,借此增加浮萍塘DO含量,并进一步考察了曝气时长(0、0.5、1、2和4 h)对污染物去除效果及浮萍生长的影响,以此探寻低耗高效的最佳曝气时长。结果表明,曝气塘可有效降低水体的浊度,但对氮磷去除的贡献较小,氮磷的去除以浮萍塘为主。曝气处理可显著提高曝气塘及浮萍塘水体DO含量和氧化还原电位(Eh),且DO和Eh随曝气时长的增加而上升。此外,曝气处理还能显著促进浮萍生长及其污染物的去除,但促进效果并未简单地随曝气时长的增加而提高。其中,TN、氨氮和浊度的去除率在曝气时长1 h时已基本达到峰值(去除率分别为58.42%、61.89%和89.90%),TP去除率虽在曝气时长4 h时最大(81.44%),但与曝气时长0.5 h(73.05%)相比并无显著差异;浮萍虽在曝气时长2 h时干基生长速率最高(8.00 g·(m²·d)⁻¹),但与曝气时长0.5 h和1 h(7.35 g·(m²·d)⁻¹左右)相比也无显著差异,而曝气成本却成倍增加。因此,综合考虑污染物去除、浮萍生长及曝气成本,建议曝气时长不宜高于1 h,推荐0.5~1 h为佳。以上结果可为曝气塘-浮萍塘联合系统的应用及曝气时长的选择提供参考。     

Kinetics of particulate organic matter removal as a response to bioflocculation in aerobic biofilm reactors.

Recent research has identified that the major fraction of chemical oxygen demand in domestic wastewaters is in particulate form. The research presented herein develops the kinetics of particle removal as a response to bioflocculation at the surface of aerobic biofilms. This study focuses on the removal of particles that are maintained in aqueous suspension after 30 minutes of gravity settling. It is helpful to consider the particulate organics removal process in biofilms as the sum of four steps, namely (1) external transport of the particles to the biofilm surface, (2) bioflocculation, (3) organic particulate hydrolysis, and (4) diffusion and reaction of the solubilized organics by the bacterial cells comprising the biofilm. Organic (native corn starch) and inorganic particle (Min-U-Sil 10 [U.S. Silica Company, Berkeley Springs, West Virginia]) suspensions, with micronutrients, were continuously fed to a rotating disc biofilm reactor to verify a first-order kinetic expression that has been used to describe bioflocculation and to demonstrate that bioflocculation is the primary particle removal mechanism. Extracellular polymeric substances were extracted and quantified to describe the role they play in the bioflocculation process.     

异养硝化细菌Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮特性及动力学

从湘江生活污水排污口分离纯化的一株菌Alcaligenes sp.S3,在氨氮浓度为400 mg/L时,经过192 h的降解,氨氮的去除率达到88%,并且NH2OH和NO2--N并没出现积累。在对不同浓度的氨氮进行一级动力学拟合时发现,只有氨氮浓度较高时才很好地符合,浓度为500 mg/L时R2达到0.9923。酸性环境对Alcaligenes sp.S3生长有抑制作用,在pH7.5～10生长较好。摇床转速对Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮影响不大,C/N过低或过高对Alcaligenes sp.S3除氮都有影响。     

Effects of seagrass bed removal for tourism purposes in a Mauritian bay

Stresses and shocks are increasing on the main natural assets in Mauritius (Western Indian Ocean) by tourism (marine-based) development activities. Seagrasses are removed by hotels in the belief that they are unsightly or harbour organisms causing injury to bathers. Environmental changes (e.g. sediment characteristics and infauna distribution, water quality, seagrass biomass) resulting from clearing of a seagrass bed to create an aesthetically pleasant swimming zone for clients of a hotel were monitored during June 2000-July 2001, and compared to conditions prevailing in an adjacent undisturbed area. Key observations in the disturbed area were: highly turbid water overlying a destabilized lagoon seabed, complete loss of sediment infauna, and dramatic dry weight biomass declines (e.g. 72 and 65% in S. isoetifolium and H. uninervis, respectively). Such disruptions draw-down resilience rendering the marine habitats less robust and more vulnerable to environmental change and extreme events, with higher risks of chaos and ecological collapse, and constitute a major threat to the industry itself.     

Removal capacity and pathways of phenolic endocrine disruptors in an estuarine wetland of natural reed bed

Phenolic compounds are partly known as endocrine disruptors with various harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis at very low concentrations. Consequently, the pathways and removal of these compounds in natural and artificial sewage treatment systems such as wetlands have received wide concern. In this paper, a natural reed bed wetland with an area of 695 ha located in the Liaohe River estuary in Northeast China was employed as a demonstration site to study the retention and removal efficiency of phenolic compounds including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and to evaluate their purification capacity via water and mass balance analyses during an irrigation period from May 9 to September 8, 2009. The results showed that the phenolic compounds could be retained in the wetland system and removed through various processes. On average, 27.5% of phenolic compounds could be retained by the wetland substrate during the initial three-day irrigation period with a retention capacity order of 4-t-OP > 4-NP > BPA > DCP. During the following 120 d irrigation period, the phenolic compounds could be efficiently removed with an average percentage of 91.6%. It is estimated that 1.76 kg d⁻¹ of phenolic compounds could be removed by the Liaohe River estuarine wetland (∼8 × 10⁴ ha). The reed bed wetland system therefore provides a feasible mitigation option for phenolic pollutants in sewage and wastewater.     

饮用水除氨氮功能菌株的筛选及降解特性

从松花江原水中筛选出2株异养菌YX1和YX2,经生理生化及16S rDNA序列鉴定,YX1为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),YX2为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)。5℃菌株YX1的世代时间为3.03 h,菌株YX2的世代时间为3.87h。应用生物增强活性炭技术研究了异养菌株YX1和YX2对氨氮的降解特征,结果表明,菌株经过3~4 d的适应期后,在低温5℃对氨氮具有较强的降解能力,且环境条件影响菌株对氨氮的降解效果。菌株YX1和YX2在高溶解氧浓度下氨氮降解效果好,属于好氧细菌,降解氨氮的最适合温度为12~15℃,属于耐冷型中温菌,最适宜的pH为弱碱性(7.5~8.0),以乙酸盐为碳源时对氨氮降解能力最强,其次为葡萄糖柠檬酸三钠碳酸钙甘油,以上结果可为低温水源水中氨氮的去除提供新的技术方法和理论依据。     

高负荷条件下好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳特性及微生物群落结构分析

为研究高负荷条件下好氧颗粒污泥的形成过程、同步脱氮除碳效果和微生物群落结构特点,构建了一个序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)。结果表明,C/N=40进水条件下能够完成颗粒化,成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥呈表面光滑结构紧实的椭球体。随着颗粒粒径增大,其比好氧速率提高、含水率下降、沉降性能变好、生物量增加。颗粒形成过程产生的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)先增加后受水质冲击减少,之后又明显提高,整个过程中多糖与蛋白质之比(PS/PN)持续下降,EPS中的蛋白质对颗粒的形成影响较大。SBR中的好氧颗粒污泥能够同时高效去除进水中的COD、N H_4~+-N和TN,去除率分别为94%、96%和93%,反应器的反硝化性能良好。C/N=40时,采用MiSeq高通量测序方法对成熟好氧颗粒污泥中的群落结构进行研究,发现存在促进颗粒化的优势菌门(包括Saccharibacteria、Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Chloroflexi)。同时,在颗粒污泥中,异养硝化、好氧/缺氧反硝化菌属丰度较高,表明异养硝化-好氧/缺氧反硝化菌属可能存在于好氧颗粒污泥中。     

电磁浮动床除尘装置的设计与实验研究

针对所设计的电磁浮动床除尘装置,为了掌握该装置的运行规律以及除尘效果,以铁磁颗粒为床料,通过实验分析了铁磁颗粒质量对床层高度的影响,以及风量和磁场强度等因素对床层高度和压强降的影响,并对风量和磁场强度与除尘效率的关系进行了研究,确定最佳运行条件：进口含尘气体浓度为20 g·m-3,磁场强度为300 Gs,风量为110 m3·h-1,除尘效率高达99.34%,为电磁浮动床用于高温除尘工艺奠定了基础。     

Assessing the efficacy of dissolved air and flash-pressurized flotations using low energy for the removal of organic precursors and disinfection byproducts: a pilot-scale study

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a widely used treatment process in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants despite high energy cost associated...     

贫营养好氧反硝化菌群的筛选及源水脱氮特性

为了对低浓度氮污染的水体进行净化,通过对微污染水库沉积物进行富集驯化培养,得到好氧反硝化脱氮混合菌。对混合菌进行传代培养得到 10#为效果最好的混合菌。将10#混合菌投加到微污染水库源水中进行投菌实验。实验结果表明:投菌系统的硝氮从初始的(0.38±0.03)mg/L降到(0.07±0.03)mg/L,硝氮的去除率达到(82.30±2.63)%,而空白对照系统的硝氮从初始的(0.34±0.00)mg/L到30 d实验结束变为(0.69±0.01)mg/L;复合菌投菌系统并没有出现亚硝氮的积累;投菌系统总氮从初始的(1.00±0.04)mg/L,到30 d实验结束时总氮下降到(0.52±0.03)mg/L,去除率达到(48.24±2.82)%,但是空白对照系统的总氮从初始的(1.13±0.06)mg/L到30 d结束时为(1.17±0.03)mg/L,基本保持稳定;复合菌系统的好氧反硝化菌菌落数高于空白系统1~2两个数量级。脱氮效果表明,应用复合好氧反硝化菌对于源水脱氮有很好的应用潜力。     

Simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous removal from municipal wastewater in a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor

In this study, the performance of the circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBB) with anoxic and aerobic beds and employing lava rock as a carrier media for the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 0.82 h was discussed. The CFBB was operated without and with bioparticles' recirculation between the anoxic and aerobic bed for 260 and 110 d respectively. Without particles' recirculation, the CFBB was able to achieve carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) removal efficiencies of 94%, 80% and 65% respectively, whereas with bioparticles' recirculation, 91%, 78% and 85% removals of C, N and P were achieved. The CFBB was operated at long sludge retention time (SRT) of 45-50 d, and achieved a sludge yield of 0.12-0.135 g VSS g COD(-1). A dynamic stress study of the CFBB was carried out at varying feed flow rates and influent ammonia concentrations to determine response to shock loadings. The CFBB responded favourably in terms of TSS and COD removal to quadrupling of the feed flow rate. However, nitrification was more sensitive to hydraulic shock loadings than to doubling of influent nitrogen loading.