三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

南京玄武湖沉积物生物可利用磷的研究

采用连续提取法(SMT法)和化学提取法,研究了南京玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的垂向分布,探讨了玄武湖不同深度沉积物的潜在释磷能力和生物可利用磷的来源.结果表明,玄武湖5个采样点的沉积物中TP含量分布差异较大,且与人类活动密切相关.沉积物中铁磷(Fe-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)对生物可利用磷的贡献巨大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险.     

多孔陶瓷滤球与沉水植物联合作用处理杭州西湖沉积物中的磷

首次将新型环保陶瓷滤球(red mud-based porous ceramic filter material,PCFM)作为吸附材料,与沉水植物处理沉积物磷技术相结合,通过测定沉积物各形态磷含量的变化,以期研究该吸附-生物联合修复技术对沉积物磷的修复效果。结果表明,苦草组对沉积物各形态磷去除量随时间的变化逐渐增大,苦草在150 d时对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除量分别为51.60、16.32、34.74、46.37和-14.99 mg·kg~(-1)。研究不同PCFM厚度与沉水植物苦草联合对沉积物磷的去除效果,发现厚度5 cm PCFM+苦草对对沉积物各形态磷的去除效果最好。在150 d时,对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P在的去除量分别达到652.61、249.12、396.40、314.38和72.11 mg·kg~(-1),苦草与陶瓷滤球在对沉积物磷的去除过程中,可能存在有益于去除沉积物磷的相互促进的作用。可见PCFM和苦草联合作用处理沉积物磷的效果较好,可进一步应用于富营养化湖泊沉积物磷控制工程。     

锁磷剂对流动水环境中沉积物磷形态的作用

如何控制水体沉积物中的磷含量,对于防治水体富营养化以及控制蓝藻水华具有重要的意义。通过在室内构建模拟河道,利用模拟水流不断冲刷沉积物,研究水流对不同形态磷的冲刷作用和添加锁磷剂对沉积物中各形态磷含量的影响、固定的效果。结果表明:(1)锁磷剂能减少沉积物中NH4Cl-P(NH4Cl可提取磷)含量,并且添加锁磷剂后水流冲刷对该形态磷削减效果较小。(2)添加锁磷剂使沉积物中BD-P(BD试剂可提取磷)含量先迅速升高后降低,沉积物中BD-P含量的最终降低使得该形态磷的释放风险减小,对沉积物起一定的整治作用。同时,水流冲刷对BD-P影响较大。(3)锁磷剂会与铝竞争吸附磷,使NaOH-rP(NaOH可提取无机磷)含量降低,导致NaOH-TotP(NaOH可提取无机磷和有机磷的总和)含量的降低。(4)锁磷剂使HCl-P(HCl可提取磷)含量升高,能有效降低沉积物磷释放风险。水流冲刷造成了沉积物中HCl-P含量下降。(5)在水流的冲刷作用下,添加锁磷剂使得沉积物中总磷下降速率低于未添加锁磷剂的沉积物,锁磷剂有助于沉积物中磷的稳定。这些表明,锁磷剂在控制河流沉积物内源磷的释放方面可发挥积极的作用。     

河道沉积物中磷的分布、吸附及释放规律研究

为科学评价磷在河道沉积物中的环境行为,在模拟条件下研究了上海市进木港和苏州河沉积物中磷的分布形态、吸附特征及释放规律.结果表明:(1)2种沉积物中碎屑钙磷(De-P)浓度最高,闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)次之,其他形态磷浓度相对较低,而活性磷中以铁磷(Fe-P)为主;(2)2种沉积物对磷的吸附均符合线性方程,在4.0h时基本达...     

西湖北里湖沉积物磷形态分布及其与间隙水磷的关系

杭州西湖是典型的富营养化浅水湖泊。经过环湖截污等工程措施,影响西湖的外污染源得到有效的治理,但西湖仍处于富营养化状态。在外污染源得到控制后,富含营养盐的沉积物成为西湖水质改善的主要限制因子。通过研究西湖北里湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和丰度、间隙水磷含量垂向时空分布特征,分析沉积物磷形态与间隙水磷含量的相关性,探讨内源磷对西湖北里湖营养盐的贡献作用。结果表明,北里湖沉积物中活性磷含量较低,不同磷形态及其含量在垂向上呈现一定的波动,没有表现出明显的规律。间隙水总可溶性磷(TDP)和PO34-含量随沉积物深度的变化不明显,但其含量总体在垂向上都有先升高后降低的趋势,与沉积物中各形态磷均具有一定的正相关性。因此,沉积物磷对水体富营养化具有一定的贡献。     

菖蒲对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,培育根系较发达的湿地植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus),以探究其对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)实验60d后,对照组上覆水TP、溶解性活性磷(SRP)显著升高(P0.05),而菖蒲组上覆水TP、SRP降低。(2)对照组各形态磷含量在沉积物各深度之间无显著差异(P0.05)。菖蒲组沉积物中各形态磷含量(除盐酸提取磷)均不同程度低于对照组和初始值。菖蒲组沉积物中TP、有机磷、氢氧化钠提取磷在沉积物5cm处变化幅度最大,与初始值相比分别降低94.08、58.30、56.19mg/kg;无机磷在沉积物2cm处下降了35.40mg/kg。(3)菖蒲通过自身的生长吸收以及改变周围环境因子,直接或间接地影响了沉积物各形态磷的垂直分布。     

盐碱地区沉积物磷释放特性及影响因素

为研究沉积物磷释放对盐碱地区景观水体富营养化的影响,以天津滨海新区泰达河道为对象,应用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试方法（SMT）,分析了沉积物中磷的形态;研究了沉积物中磷的解吸动力学,并探讨了水力扰动、pH和盐度对沉积物中磷解吸的影响。结果表明,无机磷（IP）为沉积物中磷的主要形态,总量为0.637 mg/g,IP中又以钙磷（Ca-P）为主,约占IP的80%,而铁/铝磷（Fe/Al-P）仅占20%。0-4 h为磷的快速解吸阶段,4-24 h为慢速解吸阶段,并逐渐达到平衡。泰达河道沉积物对磷具有一定的吸持能力,不易解吸。增强水力扰动的强度会促进磷的解吸,但影响不大;在碱性条件下,增加pH对磷的解吸没有显著影响;增加水体盐度,能促进磷的解吸。     

底泥营养盐的释磷对富营养化湖泊的影响

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题。当湖泊的污染外源受到控制以后，由于沉积物（底泥）中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放，湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化。底泥营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子，特别是溶解态的磷会逐步释放，成为水体富营养化的主导因子。沉积物中磷的循环在一定程度上决定着富营养化的进程，对水体磷含量有深刻的影响。结合国内外研究动态，对底泥磷形态、磷释放与水体水质的关系作了概述，并对底泥磷释放的研究方向以及控制湖泊富营养化发表了一些见解。     

合肥市南淝河不同排口表层沉积物磷形态分布特征

对合肥市南淝河不同排口处表层沉积物进行了采样,并采用修正后的标准测试程序SMT和钼锑抗紫外分光光度法测定了其中的总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙磷(Ca-P),同时分析了各形态磷之间以及与沉积物有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,由于各排口附近不同的水动力条件,污染状况以及沉积环境,各排口表层沉积物总磷(TP)的质量分数存在显著差异,其值在771.23~3 065.36 mg/kg之间,除二里河排口(S15)沉积物磷以钙磷(CaP)为主外,其他采样点表层沉积物磷均以铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,各形态P的最低值均在位于南淝河上游的S4点,TP、IP、Fe/Al-P的最大值均出现在位于望塘污水厂排口下游60 m处的S6点,潜在释放磷比例最大值在南淝河上游受农业面源污染影响较大的S3点。沉积物各形态磷之间存在着不同程度的相关性,各形态磷与有机质存在着显著的正相关。以上结果表明,南淝河沉积物磷形态分布特征受排口类型影响显著,其中城市污水处理厂尾水可能是受纳水体沉积物重要的磷源。     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Manila Bay, Philippines and inflowing rivers

Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd and Co were determined in surface and core sediments collected from Manila Bay and in surface sediments from inflowing rivers. Core profiles revealed highly fluctuating and enriched Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations on the surface, suggestive of recent inputs coming from anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and to a lesser extent Cu and Cd were higher in riverine sediments as compared with marine sediments, which may be attributed to the proximity of these riverine sites to pollutant sources. Comparison of metal concentration levels obtained with other areas in the world revealed elevated values for Pb and Cd, indicating a considerable amount of pollution in the area. Continuous monitoring and further studies of the area are recommended to ascertain long-term effects that may have not yet been reached.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soils and sediments from Daliao River Basin, China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were analyzed in surface sediments and top soils collected from 30 sites in Daliao River Basin. The concentrations of PCDD/F ranged from 0.28 to 29.01 ng TEQ kg(-1) dw (mean value, 7.45 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw) in sediments, and from 0.31 to 53.05 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw (mean value, 7.00 ng TEQ kg(-1)dw) in soils. PCDD/F pollution in sediments from the mid- and downstream sections of Hun River was found to be relatively heavy, and the levels of PCDD/F contamination in paddy soils were generally higher than those of upland soils. Using multivariate statistical analysis, the PCDD/F homologue and congener profiles of all soil and sediment samples were compared with those of suspected PCDD/F sources. The results showed that, PCDD/F contamination in most sediments of Hun River should mainly originated from the production of organochlorine chemicals, while metal smelting was the important potential source of PCDD/F in the drainage area of Taizi River. PCDD/F contamination in paddy soils should be simultaneously attributed to the polluted water irrigation and the organochlorine pesticide application.     

Levels and homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs in sediments along the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea

Background, aim, and scope  The primary aim of this study was to explore the variations in PCDD/F levels and homologue profiles of Baltic surface sediments by comprehensively analyzing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in samples from a large number of sites, encompassing not only previously known hotspot areas, but also sites near other potential PCDD/F sources, in pristine reference areas (in which there was no industrial activity) and offshore sites. Materials and methods  Surface sediment samples (146 in total) were collected at various points along the Swedish coast and offshore areas. In addition, bulk deposition was sampled, monthly, at a single site in northern Sweden during 1 year. The concentrations of tetra- through octa-substituted CDD/Fs were determined in both matrices. Results  Highly elevated concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found at many sites in coastal areas and concentrations were also slightly elevated in some offshore areas. Homologue profiles varied substantially amongst samples from coastal sites, while those from offshore and other pristine sediments were relatively similar. The offshore sediments showed different profiles from those observed in the deposition samples. Sediment levels of PCDD/Fs were not generally significantly correlated to organic carbon levels, except in some pristine areas. Comparison of data obtained in this and previous studies suggest that both their levels and profiles are similar today to those observed 20 years ago in coastal and offshore areas. The only detected trend is that their levels appear to have decreased slightly in the offshore area of the Bothnian Sea. Discussion  The localization of hotspot areas along the coast, the lack of consensus between PCDD/F profiles of sediments and general background, and their weak correlations with organic carbon suggest that PCDD/Fs in the study area largely originate from local/regional emissions. However, due to complicating factors such as sediment dynamics and land upheaval, it is not possible to conclude whether these pollutants derive from recent emissions or from a combination of recent emissions and re-distribution of previous inputs. Conclusions  The results show that: elevated levels of PCDD/Fs are present in both coastal and offshore areas of the Baltic Sea, the major hotspots are close to the shore, and there are large variations in profiles, indicating that local emissions are (or have been) the major causes of pollution. Recommendations and perspectives  In order to identify other hotspot areas and trace sources, comprehensive analysis of PCDD/Fs in surface sediments is needed in all areas of the Baltic Sea that have not been previously investigated. The high levels of PCDD/Fs observed in surface sediments also indicate a need to elucidate whether they are due mainly to current emissions or a combination of recent pollution and re-distribution of historically deposited pollutants. To do so, better understanding of sediment dynamics and present-day inputs, such as riverine inputs, industrial effluents, and leakage from contaminated soil is required. There are indications that contaminated sediments have a regional impact on fish contamination levels. However, as yet there is no statistically robust evidence linking contaminated sediments with elevated levels in Baltic biota. It should also be noted that the Baltic Sea is being massively invaded by the deep-burrowing polychaete Marenzielleria ssp., whose presence in sediments has been shown to increase water concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants. In awareness of this, it is clear that high levels in sediments cannot be ignored in risk assessments. In order to investigate the emission trends more thoroughly, analysis of PCDD/Fs in offshore sediment cores throughout the Baltic Sea is also recommended. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Seasonal and spatial variations of carbon and nitrogen distribution in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea

The variations in concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in surface sediments of the Gulf of Riga were investigated between December 1993 and January 1995. The sediment samples were taken nine times during this period at two sampling sites. One sampling site, G5, exhibited high abundance of burrowing amphipods, whereas at the second site, T3, the number of macrozoobenthic organisms was comparatively small. Similar vertical profiles of mean sediment dry-weight concentrations of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) were obtained at both sites G5 and T3. However, during autumn winter considerable differences of TC and TN concentrations in surface sediments (0-2 cm) between sites were observed. This was probably the effect of differences in the bioturbation level. During summer, when decline in numbers of amphipods were recorded, the vertical profiles of TC and TN at site G5 were similar to those at site T3. Significant differences between months were detected for TN at site T3 reflecting sedimentation of spring and autumn blooms in April and late October-early November, respectively. This was supported also by lower atomic C/N ratios in surface sediments during corresponding sampling events.     

Evaluation of PCDD/F pollution in surface sediments of Izmit Bay

This study evaluates PCDD/F pollution in the surface sediments of Izmit Bay (Turkey) and assesses the possible sources of PCDD/F inputs to the bay. The results showed that concentrations of toxic PCDD/F congeners in the sediments varied between 0.45 and 255 ng WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/kg dry weight. Pollution mapping shows that PCDD/F levels in the central section of Izmit Bay are much higher than those in the eastern and the western sections. Sediments collected from the northern part of the central section showed very high PCDD/F concentrations. The samples reveal three different congener profiles dominated by OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, and OCDD respectively. The dominance of OCDF in the sediment samples taken from the central section was attributed to the former production of vinyl chloride monomer in the area, while that of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF was attributed to the (previously unknown) use of a chlorophenol-based fungicide in the region. The OCDD dominated group was explained by the use of pentachlorophenol. The results indicate that historic industrial discharges are the main contributor to the PCDD/F pollution in the sediments.     

Distribution characteristics and source analysis of dioxins in sediments and mussels from Qingdao coastal sea

Seven of surface sediments, one sediment core and two mussel samples were collected from the Qingdao coastal sea of the western Yellow Sea and analyzed to determine the horizontal distribution, deposition flux, and toxicity equivalency (TEQs) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The total PCDD/Fs concentrations in the surface sediments ranged between 10.7 and 428 ng kg(-1) dry wt. The horizontal distribution of PCDD/F congeners in the sediments was characterized by elevated concentrations at the locations in the east of Jiaozhou Bay with the highest concentration occurring near the Haibo River mouth. Physical parameters (total organic carbon contents and sediment types) and the current circulation systems in Jiaozhou Bay can be important factors controlling the horizontal distribution pattern of PCDD/Fs in the bay. The influence of the Haibo River as a source of pollution was evidenced by PCDD/F homologue profiles, indicating a contribution from sewage sludge in addition to other possible sources. Records from the sediment core revealed that the total PCDD/Fs in the Qingdao coastal sea were nearly constant since 1951 till 1980s and increased remarkably after 1980s. The total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs and total TEQs of PCDD/Fs on the lipid basis in the mussel sample inside the bay were significantly higher than in the adjacent sediment. The homologue profiles of PCDD/Fs in the mussels were quite different from those of the sediments, characterized by high TCDF (50% of the total PCDD/Fs).     

Identification of petrogenic contamination in recent sediments by HPLC monitoring of aromatic components: A preliminary investigation

Separation of neutral extracts from sediments and oils into aliphatic and aromatic fractions by simple fractionation techniques may not be sufficiently accurate for complete resolution of these hydrocarbon classes. In particular, the profiles of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) from GC analysis can be significantly affected by the fractionation method employed, which can have implications for the assessment of levels and sources of petrogenic pollution in Recent sediments. Results obtained from a number of sediment extracts suggest that screening of the aromatic UCM by normal phase HPLC may provide a rapid technique for assessing the relative levels of petrogenic contamination in such sediments. HPLC sub-fractionation of aromatic components and subsequent GC analysis resulted in varying UCM profiles for each fraction, suggesting that HPLC fractionation may provide a means to study the composition of the aromatic UCM.     

Levels,congener profile and inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment from the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant,China: a case study

This study investigated the contamination levels, homologue, and congener profiles and evaluated the residue inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment of the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant. The total concentration of detected 35 PCB congeners ranged from 1.12 to 2.19 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediment, with a mean value of 1.56 ng/g dw, and the concentration of PCBs decreased in the following order: the downstream?>?cement plant?>?upstream. The results of total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized PCB concentrations indicate that the sediments have low potential ecological risk in this area. The study results on homologue and congener of PCBs show that the emissions from cement production could be the major sources of PCBs in sediment, and the low-chlorinated PCBs will be exchanged among air, water, and sediment with increasing temperature during summer and flow to downstream with water during the wet season. The spatial density and total burden of PCBs in the surface sediments were 17.2 ng/cm² and 1.2 kg, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the pollution characteristics of unintentionally produced PCB emissions from cement industry by means of monitoring sediment samples.     

Environmental toxicity assessment in the Paraná river delta (Argentina): simultaneous evaluation of selected pollutants and mortality rates of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) early juveniles

Water and sediment samples were collected in the lower Paraná delta at four sites with different levels of exposure to pollution to evaluate the anthropogenic impact through chemical analyses and mortality bioassays. Individual polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated pesticides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals were measured in waters, porewaters and sediments. The same three phases were also subjected to toxicity assays with straight-hinged juveniles of Corbicula fluminea. Concentrations of several pollutants were above levels recommended for the protection of aquatic life: in waters, Zn, Cu and Cr were 1.6-4.9 times higher, whereas in the sediments Cr was 1.8-3.6, and benzo(a)pyrene was 2.8-5.6 times higher. Pollutant concentrations followed a clear geographic pattern with highest values in the densely populated area of the Reconquista and Luján rivers, lower levels in the San Antonio, and lowest loadings in the remote Paraná de las Palmas. This gradient was adequately matched by the pattern of mortality rates of C. fluminea early juveniles, which were highest in the Reconquista-Luján (40-93%) and lowest (and not significantly different from the control) in the Paraná (3.3-23%). Mortality rates also increased from surface waters (3.3-53%), to porewaters (12-73%), to sediments (23-93%). Although toxicity was probably mainly due to dissolved contaminants, agreement between chemical and biological evidence of pollution was best for the sediment compartment, whereas porewater and surface water showed a higher degree of variability.