含油固体废弃物综合利用技术的研究

就油田含油固体废弃物的存放及其对周边环境存在的潜在隐患，全面分析了该废弃物的组成与成分，并介绍了几种可用于石油污染土壤治理技术的方法特点，尤其是针对这种固体含量和油分含量皆较高的含油固体废弃物，开展了综合利用治理技术方面的试验，以固体废弃物细粉作为制砖助燃配料成分，考查了砖块质量与细粉掺入量及其他因素之间的关系，取得了较好的效果。     

水泥窑协同处置含油污泥

含油污泥是石油石化生产过程中产生的一种含油固体废弃物,现有的含油污泥处理技术主要解决了油泥中油气资源的部分回收,未实现油泥的彻底无害化。采用能谱仪、原子荧光光度计和等离子体发射光谱仪等检测手段,检测了不同油田含油污泥的成分、热值及重金属含量,并与水泥生产的相关标准进行了对比分析。结果表明,含油污泥灰分中氧化钙、氧化硅等含量总和均大于80%;灰分中重金属含量基本满足《水泥工厂设计规范》GB50295-2008中水泥熟料重金属含量要求,可作为水泥生产的替代原料。采集的各油田含油污泥平均热值达17.6 MJ/kg,大部分含油污泥都可以作为水泥生产的替代燃料。同时,水泥窑协同处置含油污泥时有害有机物被彻底分解,不会产生二次污染,能真正实现含油污泥的减量化、资源化和无害化,是一项值得推广的处置方式。     

生物法修复废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的研究进展

废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥是石油工业产生最多的含油固体废弃物。它们是一种含有多种复杂成分的悬浊液,包括石油烃(PHCs)、水、重金属、化学处理剂和固体泥沙颗粒。由于其具有环境危害性,且产量逐渐增加,对其有效地处理和处置引起世界各国的广泛关注。综述了废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的性质、对环境的影响和生物修复方法,并介绍了生物修复PHCs的影响因素,同时初步探讨了两者中除PHCs之外其他污染物的处理方法。目前的生物修复方法都有不同的优势和局限性,未来应该进一步关注对现有处理技术的改进和不同技术的结合,使废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的处理既能达到无害化、资源化,又能节省处理成本。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌KJ-10的絮凝性能及絮凝成分分析

从炼厂含油污泥中分离筛选出一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌KJ-10,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌.为进一步探讨该菌株的絮凝性能和絮凝成分,实验考察了该菌株对高岭土悬液和含油废水的处理效果,研究了所产絮凝剂的热稳定性,并通过紫外光谱、红外光谱、GC-MS技术及多糖含量测定等途径对其絮凝成分进行了深入分析.结果表明,该菌株对高岭土悬液的...     

堆肥法处理含油污泥研究进展

含油污泥是炼油厂和石油化工厂的日产固体废弃物 ,是当前石化行业所面临的污染问题。本文给出了近期国内外对含油污泥的处理方法 ,并对堆肥法处理含油污泥进行了综述。含油污泥的堆肥处理需提供氧气、菌种和营养 ,为保持油泥的疏松状态 ,还需加入填充剂。本文对高速生物反应器的结构、运行、调控进行了详细介绍 ,并从经济核算角度指出了其运营可行性     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项、中日合作项目、自然科学基金项目和中科院重大装     

作业井场含油固体废弃物生物制剂法除油技术研究

采用生物制剂 (BS7# 酶 )洗涤法处理冀东油田作业井场固体废弃物 ,研究了该处理方法中制剂投加量、搅拌时间、固液比和洗涤次数对处理效果的影响 ,得到了最佳洗涤条件。并对其设备投资、处理综合成本等进行了经济效益分析。为冀东油田作业井场含油固体废弃物工业化处理提供重要依据     

聚结分离技术在含油污水处理中的应用研究进展

工业含油污水量大且面广,因其成分复杂,处理较困难.聚结分离技术因其独特的物理破乳优势,以及成本低廉、分离高效、环境友好备受重视,并应用于工业含油污水的处理中.梳理了聚结除油技术的发展历程,剖析了该技术的基本原理,在归纳聚结材料研究进展的基础上,总结了聚结分离器在典型工业含油污水领域的应用,并对该技术的应用研究和发展方向...     

Effect of metal and glycol on mechanochemical dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

This paper assesses the potential of mechanochemical method with fine metal powder, glycol and alkali for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) removal from waste insulating oil. The effects of relevant parameters, such as kinds of chemicals, rate and time of milling were examined. After each run, the total PCBs content in waste insulating oil was measured. Polyethylene glycol 200, long chain-glycol was more effective than triethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, short chain-glycol as hydrogen donor in mechanochemical dechlorination of PCBs. A maximum of 99.9% PCBs removal (below 2ppm) and 94% total chlorine removal were achieved with the mechanochemical process for 2h.     

Fate of bromine in pyrolysis of printed circuit board wastes

Behavior of Br in pyrolysis of the printed circuit board waste with valuable copper and oil recycling has been studied in the present work. Experimentally, pyrolysis of the printed circuit board waste generated approximately 40.6% of oils, 24.9% of noncondensible gases and 34.5% of solid residues that enriched in copper (90-95%). The cuts of the oils produced from pyrolysis of the printed circuit board waste into weighted boiling fraction were primarily light naphtha and heavy gas oil. Approximately 72.3% of total Br in the printed circuit board waste were found in product gas mainly as HBr and bromobenzene. However, by extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS) spectroscopy, Cu-O and Cu-(O)-Cu species with bond distance of 1.87 and 2.95 A, respectively, were observed in the solid residues. Essentially, no Cu-Br species was found.     

A study on production of biodiesel using a novel solid oxide catalyst derived from waste

The issues of energy security, dwindling supply and inflating price of fossil fuel have shifted the global focus towards fuel of renewable origin. Biodiesel, having renewable origin, has exhibited great potential as substitute for fossil fuels. The most common route of biodiesel production is through transesterification of vegetable oil in presence of homogeneous acid or base or solid oxide catalyst. But, the economics of biodiesel is not competitive with respect to fossil fuel due to high cost of production. The vegetable oil waste is a potential alternative for biodiesel production, particularly when disposal of used vegetable oil has been restricted in several countries. The present study evaluates the efficacy of a low-cost solid oxide catalyst derived from eggshell (a food waste) in transesterification of vegetable oil and simulated waste vegetable oil (SWVO). The impact of thermal treatment of vegetable oil (to simulate frying operation) on transesterification using eggshell-derived solid oxide catalyst (ESSO catalyst) was also evaluated along with the effect of varying reaction parameters. The study reported that around 90 % biodiesel yield was obtained with vegetable oil at methanol/oil molar ratio of 18:1 in 3 h reaction time using 10 % ESSO catalyst. The biodiesel produced with ESSO catalyst from SWVO, thermally treated at 150 °C for 24 h, was found to conform with the biodiesel standard, but the yield was 5 % lower compared to that of the untreated oil. The utilization of waste vegetable oil along with waste eggshell as catalyst is significant for improving the overall economics of the biodiesel in the current market. The utilization of waste for societal benefit with the essence of sustainable development is the novelty of this work.     

典型建筑固体废弃物再生骨料对环保砖性能的影响

随着我国城市化和工业化进程的快速推进,城市建设产生大量的建筑废弃物,燃煤电厂产生大量炉底渣,建筑固废的处置在城市可持续发展过程中备受关注。以建筑垃圾再生骨料、炉底渣和石粉等区域特色的骨料制备环保砖,系统考察了骨料对环保砖力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,再生骨料的种类对环保砖抗压强度的影响显著。再生骨料中混凝土的增加,环保砖抗压强度逐渐增加;而再生骨料中粘土砖含量的增加,环保砖抗压强度明显降低。环保砖抗压强度随炉底渣的含量增加而降低,石粉对环保砖抗压强度有提升作用。     

城市污水厂污泥的浸泡油炸

提出了一种利用餐厨废油为热交换介质,在常压下对城市污水厂污泥进行油炸干化制成固体燃料,以实现城镇两大废弃物一污泥和餐厨废油综合处置的方法。以大豆油模拟餐厨废油,研究了污泥油炸干燥特性及过程影响参数。实验结果表明,污泥经油炸干化后,干基含水率从初始的4．56kg／kg降低至0．05kg／kg,干基含油率升为0．37～0．47kg／kg,干污泥热值达到21．551～24．082MJ／kg,是一种高热值固体燃料。油温对污泥油炸干化过程影响显著,当油温从120℃升至180℃时,污泥干燥时间从28min缩短至4min。实验条件下,1t餐厨废油可处理约8．3t湿污泥。     

Valorization of solid waste products from olive oil industry as potential adsorbents for water pollution control—a review

The global olive oil production for 2010 is estimated to be 2,881,500 metric tons. The European Union countries produce 78.5 % of the total olive oil, which stands for an average production of 2,136,000 tons. The worldwide consumption of olive oil increased of 78 % between 1990 and 2010. The increase in olive oil production implies a proportional increase in olive mill wastes. As a consequence of such increasing trend, olive mills are facing severe environmental problems due to lack of feasible and/or cost-effective solutions to olive-mill waste management. Therefore, immediate attention is required to find a proper way of management to deal with olive mill waste materials in order to minimize environmental pollution and associated health risks. One of the interesting uses of solid wastes generated from olive mills is to convert them as inexpensive adsorbents for water pollution control. In this review paper, an extensive list of adsorbents (prepared by utilizing different types of olive mill solid waste materials) from vast literature has been compiled, and their adsorption capacities for various aquatic pollutants removal are presented. Different physicochemical methods that have been used to convert olive mill solid wastes into efficient adsorbents have also been discussed. Characterization of olive-based adsorbents and adsorption mechanisms of various aquatic pollutants on these developed olive-based adsorbents have also been discussed in detail. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.     

The comparison of fossil carbon fraction and greenhouse gas emissions through an analysis of exhaust gases from urban solid waste incineration facilities

In this study, in order to understand accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities, which are major waste incineration facilities, and problems likely to occur at this time, emissions were calculated by classifying calculation methods into 3 types. For the comparison of calculation methods, the waste characteristics ratio, dry substance content by waste characteristics, carbon content in dry substance, and ¹²C content were analyzed; and in particular, CO₂ concentration in incineration gases and ¹²C content were analyzed together. In this study, 3 types of calculation methods were made through the assay value, and by using each calculation method, emissions of urban solid waste incineration facilities were calculated then compared. As a result of comparison, with Calculation Method A, which used the default value as presented in the IPCC guidelines, greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B at 244.43 ton CO₂/day and 322.09 ton CO₂/day, respectively. Hence, it showed a lot of difference from Calculation Methods B and C, which used the assay value of this study. It is determined that this was because the default value as presented in IPCC, as the world average value, could not reflect the characteristics of urban solid waste incineration facilities. Calculation Method B indicated 163.31 ton CO₂/day and 230.34 ton CO₂/day respectively for the urban solid waste incineration facilities A and B; also, Calculation Method C indicated 151.79 ton CO₂/day and 218.99 ton CO₂/day, respectively.

Implications: This study intends to compare greenhouse gas emissions calculated using ¹²C content default value provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) with greenhouse gas emissions calculated using ¹²C content and waste assay value that can reflect the characteristics of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities. Also, the concentration and ¹²C content were calculated by directly collecting incineration gases of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities, and greenhouse gas emissions of the target urban solid waste incineration facilities through this survey were compared with greenhouse gas emissions, which used the previously calculated assay value of solid waste.     

Biodegradation of heavy crude oil Maya using spent compost and sugar cane bagasse wastes

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the use of some agroindustrial wastes as supports in solid state cultures for the biodegradation of crude oil Maya in static column reactors over 15-20 days periods. Spent compost and cane bagasse wastes showed superior qualities over peat moss waste as support candidates with the advantage that they contain appreciable densities of autochthonous microorganisms in the order of 10(2) cfu g(-1). Mercuric chloride (2%) was able to completely inhibit growth of these microfloras. Biodegradation was enhanced in the presence of the IMP consortium and highest when microflora from cane bagasse only was the bioaugmentation partner (180.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Combination of these waste materials (3:1 ratio, respectively) was observed to significantly biodegrade the crude oil by approximately 40% in 15 days from an initial concentration of 10,000 mg kg(-1) with a four order of magnitude increase in microbial density during this period. Spent compost and cane bagasse wastes are veritable solid support candidates for use in the biodegradation of crude oil polluted systems.     

Municipal solid waste shear strength parameters defined through laboratorial and in situ tests

This paper presents the parameters of municipal solid waste shear strength determined in the laboratory (triaxial tests) and by in situ tests: standard penetration tests (SPT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). The results analyzed here are part of a study carried out on the Santo Tirso landfill (north of Portugal) between 2001 and 2007. The influence of the strain levels, waste composition, and waste age on the shear strength parameters is presented, as well as an attempt to establish some correlations between the SPT and CPT tests and to estimate municipal solid waste (MSW) friction angles from the SPT tests. The results indicate that the aging of the waste, which is characterized by a decrease in fibrous and organic materials and an increase in inert materials and fine fraction, leads to an increase in frictional resistance and to a decrease in cohesion. The results of the SPT and CPT tests indicate higher penetration resistance in older and deeper waste. Estimating the frictional resistance from the SPT test seems to obey an empirical relationship expressed by a power function, which depends on the strain level.

Implications: Comparison of shear strength parameters of municipal solid waste (MSW) determined through laboratory (triaxial tests) and in situ tests (SPT and CPT) showed that the greater amount of fibrous and granular elements leads to an increase in “cohesion” and in friction angle values, respectively. Waste aging results in an increase in frictional resistance and in a decrease in “cohesive” resistance. This is consistent with the composition changes with aging: increase of the relative quantity of inert materials and fine fraction, and decrease in particle size, in organic matter content, and in fabrics and plastics.     

不同来源高浓度有机废水的集中处理

按照水质情况,将多种来源于不同工业生产过程中的高浓度有机废水划分为高悬浮固体乳化液废水、难生化高浓度有机废水、高悬浮固体不含油有机废水、含铬有机废水和杂质含量较少的乳化液废水5类,分别采用酸化破乳/Fen-ton氧化/混凝/絮凝、Fenton氧化/混凝/絮凝、混凝/絮凝、还原/混凝/絮凝、震动膜过滤技术作为生化预处理技术,并通过小试和中试验证了各技术的效果。实验结果表明,按照上述分类结果,采用不同预处理技术可以得到良好的效果,废水水质明显改善,满足继续生化处理的基本条件。各预处理生产装置处理效果稳定,同时生化系统已经稳定运行120天以上,COD去除率超过90%,出水经过低剂量的Fenton试剂处理后可达到《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ343-2012)。