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1.
To evaluate the environmental impacts from large scale mercury mining (LSMM) and artisanal mercury mining (AMM), total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined in mine waste, ambient air, stream water and soil samples collected from Wuchuan mercury (Hg) mining area, Guizhou, Southwestern China. Mine wastes from both LSMM and AMM contained high THg concentrations, which are important Hg contamination sources to the local environment. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in the ambient air near AMM furnaces were highly elevated, which indicated that AMM retorting is a major source of Hg emission. THg concentrations in the stream water varied from 43 to 2100 ng/L, where the elevated values were mainly found in the vicinity of AMM and mine waste heaps of LSMM. Surface soils were seriously contaminated with Hg, and land using types and organic matter played an important role in accumulation and transportation of Hg in soil. The results indicated heavy Hg contaminations in the study area, which were resulted from both LSMM and AMM. The areas impacted by LSMM were concentrated in the historical mining and smelting facilities, while Hg pollution resulted from AMM can be distributed anywhere in the Hg mining area.  相似文献   

2.
水资源脆弱性是衡量水资源系统在气候变化以及人类活动影响下的流域承载能力的重要标准,流域水资源脆弱性评价与预测是评估流域水安全状况、辨识未来水资源系统存在的问题的重要手段。该文首先构建了黄河流域水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,利用粗糙集(Rough Set,缩写为RS)方法对原始指标体系进行降维去除冗余属性。然后,将降维后的评价指标标准值作为"评价样本",运用支持向量机回归(Support Vector Regression,缩写为SVR)模型对流域水资源脆弱性进行评价。最后,设定未来3种不同气候模式与社会经济情景,对黄河流域水资源脆弱性进行情景预测。结果表明:黄河流域过去16年间整体水资源脆弱性等级已从Ⅴ级提升到Ⅳ级水平,未来情景1、情景2下流域整体水资源脆弱性将会好转,但仍处于Ⅳ级中度脆弱水平。未来水质脆弱性与灾害脆弱性提升较为明显,水量脆弱性没有显著改善,在情景3下将恶化到Ⅴ级中高脆弱。因此未来采取积极的人工调控措施能使得水质与灾害方面获得明显的提升,而水量脆弱性则成为制约未来流域整体水资源脆弱性的瓶颈。  相似文献   

3.
引水调控改善太湖湖湾水环境及其效果预测   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
在总结太湖水污染问题的基础上,分析得出水流缓慢、动力掺混能力弱、水流交换不畅、水体自净能力差、纳污能力小、入湖污染负荷量大且远超过湖湾的纳污能力是梅梁湖湾水污染严重的主要原因,提出区域水污染综合治理、入湖污染物总量控制、引水调控等水污染防治策略及其关键控制技术,利用数值模拟技术给出了太湖梅梁湖湾入湖污染物排放总量控制定额,并结合引江济太调水试验,采用平面二维水流水质数学模型模拟预测引水调控对梅梁湖湾的水环境改善效果及大流量集中调水和小流量维持性调水的水环境  相似文献   

4.
Guanabara Bay is a 384-km2 coastal bay with 70% of the population of the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro located within its drainage basin. The water quality of the Bay is impacted by domestic and industrial runoff, of which only 15% has been adequately treated. However, based on a 14-year monitoring program, the water quality for most of Guanabara Bay remains acceptable because of intense tidal flushing, and we failed to find a worsening of conditions during the 14-year study. The inner shallow regions of the Bay, the western and northwestern parts, receive most of the drainage from metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. It is here that the water quality is alarmingly poor, characterized by hypertrophic conditions and occasional hypoxic events. Fecal coliform counts in these inner reaches of the Bay are 4–100 times higher than the maximum acceptable count for recreational waters. Hypertrophic conditions prevail in Guanabara Bay, which is characterized by low dissolved oxygen, high biochemical oxygen demand, peaks in fecal coliform, and extremely high chlorophyll-a concentrations, which reflect high quantities of nutrients entering the system. These anthropogenic pressures are a threat to planktonic and benthic communities and are reminiscent of San Francisco Bay 30 years ago. The Guanabara Bay water quality could be returned to pre-1950 conditions, but it would require sufficient political will and economic investment to ensure that at least 80–90% of the domestic and industrial sewage were treated adequately. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

5.
以宁波市甬江流域为例,以GIS技术辅助流域水污染控制规划,在ARCGIS90的环境中,完成了流域水系概化、水质评价,并利用GIS的叠置技术,建立功能区划水域-入河排污口-陆上汇流区的对应关系。根据水环境功能区的水质目标,通过建立污染源-水环境质量的输入响应关系,然后利用GIS技术对甬江流域数字高程模型(DEM)进行数字地形分析,得到甬江流域的模拟河网和流域汇水图,构筑了水污染控制单元,作为水环境容量核定和总量分配的基本工作区域。最后利用GIS的可视化表达进行辅助决策,确定各水环境功能区的水环境容量,结合排污状况(包括工业、农业、生活)的分析,得出流域水污染控制的总量控制方案和对策措施。甬江流域水污染控制规划的实践表明,在规划过程中,GIS作为一个必不可少的工具渗透在每一个环节中,为数据管理、空间图形表达和空间决策分析提供有效的工作平台和可靠的技术支持  相似文献   

6.
利用多元统计方法研究了湖北梁子湖水体及底泥中12种微量元素和重金属(As,Ba,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Mn,Ni,Pb,Sb,Sr和Zn)的含量及空间格局,并通过饮用水及地表水质量标准及地质累积指数评价梁子湖水质及底泥状况。结果表明:梁子湖的水体质量较好,仅Cu是潜在污染物质;对湖泊底质而言,As是主要污染物质,Cu、Pb和Zn处在轻微的污染状态。空间格局显示:受人类活动的影响,湖泊水体中的重金属分布有较强的区域性,最大值出现在人类活动相对集中的梁子岛附近;在湖泊底泥中由于地质背景一致性而差别不大。相关分析表明,较之湖泊水体,湖泊底泥中的重金属元素的关系更密切,强相关性说明它们可能有共同的来源。未来研究应结合湖泊中大型水生植物及鱼类的重金属含量更全面考虑生态学效应,为恢复湖泊生态环境的管理提供重要参考。  相似文献   

7.
Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health--a review   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Water pollution is one of the major threats to public health in Pakistan. Drinking water quality is poorly managed and monitored. Pakistan ranks at number 80 among 122 nations regarding drinking water quality. Drinking water sources, both surface and groundwater are contaminated with coliforms, toxic metals and pesticides throughout the country. Various drinking water quality parameters set by WHO are frequently violated. Human activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and indiscriminate applications of agrochemicals in agriculture are the main factors contributing to the deterioration of water quality. Microbial and chemical pollutants are the main factors responsible exclusively or in combination for various public health problems. This review discusses a detailed layout of drinking water quality in Pakistan with special emphasis on major pollutants, sources of pollution and the consequent health problems. The data presented in this review are extracted from various studies published in national and international journals. Also reports released by the government and non-governmental organizations are included.  相似文献   

8.
Chlorinated paraffins: a review of analysis and environmental occurrence   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), as technical mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs), are ubiquitous in the environment. CPs tend to behave in a similar way to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), leading several countries to impose regulations on the use of CPs. In this article, we review the literature on the properties of CPs, the current analytical tools available to determine CPs in various types of environmental matrices, and concentrations found in the environment. In particular, concentrations of CPs in environmental compartments including air, water, sediments, biota, human food products and human tissues are summarized. Priorities for future research are: improvements in analytical methodologies (reducing the complexity of the analysis, producing reference materials and performing interlaboratory studies); determining background levels of chlorinated paraffins in the environment and human populations (this question should be answered using quality assured analytical tools allowing the intercomparison of data); and investigating the sources of CPs to the environment and to humans.  相似文献   

9.
漫湾电站建成后澜沧江下游水质变化   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
随着澜沧江流域水电资源的开发,其水质变化及其跨境影响,越来越受到下湄公河流域国家及许多国际组织的关注。以漫湾电站为例,利用澜沧江下游1988~2002年6个断面、21个项目的水质监测资料,采取对比分析法,评价分析了漫湾电站建设和运行15年来,整个下游干流的水质状况和主要污染物变化趋势。结果表明,漫湾电站的建设和运行,目前对澜沧江下游干流水质总体还没有明显影响,但漫湾水库受重金属等污染物的污染,水库水质趋于下降。主要污染物M\-nO\+-\-4指数、NH\+-\-4 N、Hg、Pb和Cd的污染呈下降趋势;TP的污染有所加重。重金属Pb、Cd的污染主要集中于嘎旧(漫湾)断面和景临桥断面;M\-nO\+-\-4指数、TP和NH\+-\-4 N产生的有机污染主要集中在版纳水文站断面和勐罕渡口断面;澜沧江出境断面关累水质良好,基本达到该断面水环境功能要求。  相似文献   

10.
Persistent organochlorine pesticides pollutants (OCPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. In order to map the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in seven major river basins and three main internal rivers drainage areas during 2003 and 2004. The surface water samples were analyzed for the representative organochlorine pesticides contaminants including lindane (gamma-HCH), p,p'-DDT and heptachlor epoxide. In general, the most frequently detected compound was lindane, being detected in 83.9% of samples (mean=31.3 ng/l; range <0.17-860 ng/l), and the highest concentration was present in the Yellow River basin. p,p'-DDT was detected in 63.1% of the samples collected (mean=14.6 ng/l; range <0.14-368 ng/l) with the highest concentration present in the Huaihe River basin. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in only 9.3% of water samples (range <0.11-10 ng/l). Measured concentrations for the three compounds were low and rarely exceed the environment quality standard for surface water of China. Lindane was more frequently detected at much higher concentrations in the rivers of northern China compared with those of southern China. The sites with higher concentration of lindane and p,p'-DDT mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, so the results of this investigation indicate that the organochlorine pesticide contamination of Yellow River and Huaihe River basins should be of particular concern relative to the other basins. When compared with other regions of the world, it appears that the Chinese surface water is moderately polluted by lindane and p,p'-DDT.  相似文献   

11.
湖北省主要大中型水库富营养状况及特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
水库在城市供水、工业用水、水产养殖、农业灌溉、水利防汛以及景观旅游等方面发挥着重要的作用,但随着社会经济的发展,部分水库的富营养化状况日益严重,成为影响社会经济发展的重大环境问题。通过在2010年的3、6、7、10月对湖北省30座主要大中型水库进行布点采样,对水体的水质状况分别进行了调查、监测,采用《地表水环境质量标准》湖库标准进行水质类别分析,采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价, 并运用因子聚类分析方法对这些水库进行了类型划分。结果表明:30座大、中型水库有14座水库水质类别为Ⅱ类~Ⅲ类, 占467%; 有8座水库水质类别为IV类,占267%;有8座水库水质类别为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类,占267%;除白云湖水库为轻富营养化外,其余29座水库均属中营养状态;氨氮、磷作为营养物质是这些水库富营养化的主要影响因素,溶解氧对水体富营养化有重要影响,总氮、水温和有机物污染对水体富营养化产生较大影响;30座水库聚类分为城市工业废水污染源型、生活污水污染源型、农业非点源污染源型和养殖轻污染型4种水库类型。针对水库的污染类型,分别提出了减缓防治措施  相似文献   

12.
赣江是长江中下游的重要支流,赣江流域的水生态安全直接关系到长江经济带建设的可持续与绿色发展。然而,近些年来,人类活动干扰对赣江流域水生态的影响还在持续增加。该文综述了截止2017年12月赣江流域的水环境、鱼类资源及人类活动干扰影响的相关文献。目前,赣江流域水环境处于中度污染级别,有机污染物增加,无机污染物无显著变化。鱼类共有124种,隶属10目32科。经统计近10年的鱼类资源,赣江流域鱼类有7目35科120种,其中上游鱼类4目14科22种,中游鱼类6目28科82种,下游鱼类7目28科91种。全流域10年中未发现的鱼类包括中华鲟、鲥鱼、刀鲚、弓斑东方鲀、斑条鱊、短须鱊、拟尖头红鲌、似鱎、条纹小鲃、泉水鱼等33种。该文分析了影响赣江流域水生态的三类主要人类活动干扰:水电站建设,工农业污染和航运、采砂等,这些干扰增加了水体中营养盐和有机污染物的含量,同时破坏了水生生物生境,进而影响了鱼类的生存。随着赣江流域多个大型水电站的规划和建设,建议今后应进一步加强水电开发对水环境和鱼类资源的影响研究,同时开展生态修复,加强生境保护,严控涉水行为,完善生态补偿机制,以保证赣江流域的绿色发展。  相似文献   

13.
乐安河水环境现状及其治理措施   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
根据水文、水质和污染源调查结果,分析了乐安河流域水质的污染现状和综合环境质量,认为CODCr和氨氮是乐安河流域的主要水污染物,畜牧养殖业和城镇居民生活污水是最主要的污染源。根据这些分析,从乐安河流域的水质控制目标出发,提出了以污染源达标排放、筹建生活污水处理厂、控制面源污染、实施生态恢复、加强监控与管理等措施作为乐安河水环境综合治理的对策。  相似文献   

14.
Izmit Bay is one of the most polluted and populated enclosed sea in Turkey. It has been the centre of industrial activities for the last 30 years. Seven major sources enter the bay waters along the north coastline of the bay. This investigation forms part of continuing ecotoxicology studies in the Izmit Bay designed to constrain and minimise the pollution caused by flourishing industry and a growing population. Sediments sampled from the mouths of the major discharges of Izmit Bay were analysed for their organic carbon, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (t-PAH) and trace inorganic element (Cd, Al, As, Pb, Hg and Cu) contents and compared with those found in the sediments from the reference station in the outer bay (in the Marmara Sea). The toxicity of sediments was determined in the bulk and elutriate samples by using algal (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) batch bioassays. Chemical data showed that the sediments collected from the inner sites of the bay have been contaminated with Cd, Hg, As and PAHs. Organic carbon contents were also found higher. All the major industrial discharges into the bay are now biologically treated but bioassays performed with bulk sediments revealed that the recent sediments are toxic to the microalgae throughout the bay. The results are consistent with the previous toxicity studies performed with the industrial discharges.  相似文献   

15.
流域水循环是流域生态系统的核心,其中流域过境水是流域水循环的一个重要要素。通过对大量有关太湖流域水文资料的流域水平衡分析,初步探讨太湖流域过境水对流域水循环的影响。结果显示太湖流域是长江流域中受过境水强烈影响的一个子流域。在太湖流域,流域过境水的引入扩大了流域水循环总的通量,影响了流域水循环的路径,改变了流域水循环水的配置格局。同时水循环作为流域内物质运输的介质,流域过境水的引入对太湖流域内物质的运输有不可忽视的影响,其中最重要的就是影响了污染物的运输,增加了污染物在太湖当中的沉积与滞留  相似文献   

16.
A systemic health risk assessment for the chromium cycle in Taiwan   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Health risk assessment (HRA) has been recognized as a useful tool for identifying health risks of human activities. In particular, this method has been well applied to spatially defined units, such as a production plant, a treatment facility, and a contaminated site. However, the management strategies based on the risk information will be more efficient if the comprehensive picture of total risks from all kinds of sources is depicted. In principle, the total risks can be obtained when all risk sources are assessed individually. Apparently, this approach demands huge amount of efforts. This study develops a methodology that combines substance flow and risk estimation to facilitate examination of risk in a systemic way and provide comprehensive understanding of risk generation and distribution corresponding to flows of substances in the anthroposphere and the environment. Substance flow analysis (SFA) and HRA method is integrated to produce a systemic risk assessment method, from which substance management schemes can be derived. In this study, the chromium cycle in Taiwan is used as an example to demonstrate the method, by which the associated substance flow in the economy and the risk caused by the substance in the environmental system is determined. The concentrations of pollutants in the environmental media, the resultant risks and hazard quotients are calculated with the widely-used CalTOX multimedia model.  相似文献   

17.
贵州省三岔河流域水化学特征及其控制因素   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
对乌江源区三岔河流域枯水期和丰水期河水样品离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,河水主要的阴阳离子分别是HCO_3~–和Ca~(2+),分别占到总阴离子量的55%和总阳离子量的70%,与喀斯特地区流域相似。主要离子的时空分布的对比分析表明,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、HCO_3~–、Cl~–枯水期浓度略高于丰水期,而K+、SO_4~(2–)、NO_3~–两期浓度变化相对较小;空间分布的多样化,反映了不同小流域在地质背景、生态环境、人为活动等方面的差异对河水离子的影响。通过Gibbs图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到岩石风化的影响,通过阴阳离子三角图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到碳酸岩盐的影响,并且硫酸广泛参与到岩石风化中,人为活动对流域水化学组成也有一定影响。  相似文献   

18.
农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点   总被引:35,自引:6,他引:35  
太湖水污染的主要症结是水体中氮、磷不断富集导致的富营养化,而随着区内化肥用量的不断增加和集约化畜禽殖业的发展,流域内农业非点源营养物质的排放将保持持续上升的势头。要实现使太湖水变清的目的,必须把农业非点源营养物的排放控制在最低的水平,为了达到这一目标,今后应加强:(1)农业养分流失的定量化研究;(2)非点源污染物的转移转化特征研究;(3)农业非点源污染高风险区的识别;(4)农业非点源污染的控制与管理对策研究。  相似文献   

19.
The use of sophisticated air pollution modeling systems to evaluate the impact of different industrial plant emissions is currently done in an extensive way. MM5-CMAQ (PSU/NCAR and EPA, USA) is one of the most applicable air quality modeling systems to evaluate those impacts. In this contribution we present the methodology and results obtained when applying the MM5-CMAQ air quality modeling system for evaluating the potential impact of an incinerator in San Sebastián (Basque Country, Spain). We have used the EMIMO (UPM, Spain) emission model to simulate the emissions from biogenic and anthropogenic sources including traffic and tertiary sector sources. The study includes the air quality impact of a highway located near the incinerator named A8 and 6 industrial plants which already exist. The impact study has been compared with the results obtained from this highway impact and the 6 industrial plants which are normally operating during the last 30 years. The system has been prepared to simulate also Cadmium, Arsenic, Nickel, Lead and Benzo(a)pyrene air quality impacts. The PCDD/F air concentrations have been determined for the 16 toxic dioxins and furans as determined in the bibliography. The criteria pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO(2), PM(10) and O(3) have also been determined according to the different EU Directives which limit the values of such a pollutants for different periods of time.  相似文献   

20.
近20年来湘江水质变化分析   总被引:27,自引:2,他引:25  
根据1981~2000年湘江的水质监测数据,选用危害较大的10项污染指标,采用均值指数法对近20年来湘江水质变化进行了分析,并对湘江干流不同河段水质进行了比较。结果表明:湘江总体水质在20世纪90年代呈恶化趋势,致使污染加剧的主要因子是总大肠菌群、总磷、石油类和总汞;主要污染源为工业污染和生活废水污染,近年来生活废水污染日益突出,工业污染中重金属污染明显;在干流不同河段中,株洲、湘潭和长沙河段污染最为严重;估计未来湘江的生活污染和农业污染还会加剧。因此,为确保经济和环境协调发展,湘江污染治理任务依然任重道远。在加大宣传力度,提高公民环境意识,加快城市污水处理设施建设和发展生态农业的同时,应将湘江流域城市生态水源建设提上议事日程。  相似文献   

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