海南儋州雷暴和雷电灾害特征

利用海南省儋州市自动气象站近60年逐日雷暴观测资料和近13年雷电灾害资料,分析了儋州雷暴活动和雷电灾害的年际变化和月分布特征以及雷击造成的人员伤亡和财产损失特征。结果表明:儋州市近60年平均年雷暴日数为112天,儋州年雷暴日呈现出明显的下降趋势;儋州雷暴日主要集中在4至10月,盛发期为5至9月;儋州雷电灾害也主要发生在5至9月;儋州雷击人员伤亡绝大多数发生在农村,雷灾及其造成的财产损失最频繁发生在电子系统。     

贵州省雷暴日数的时空分布、周期及突变特征

利用1961—2011年贵州省87个台站地面雷暴观测资料,对该省境内雷暴日数的时空分布、周期和突变特征进行了分析。结果表明：贵州省雷暴日数年际变化较大,下降趋势显著;雷暴日数的时空分布形态不对称,92．16％正偏,峰度76．47％为正值,48a贵州区域内空间分布在0．05置信水平上服从正态分布。雷暴日数分布地域特征明显,从贵州西南部向东北方向呈梯状递减趋势,安顺市、六盘水市和黔西南州3个地区为雷暴高发区。贵州省逐年雷暴日数存在不太明显的18a左右的长周期以及4—5a和8—9a显著的周期变化。贵州省年雷暴日数的下降是一突变现象,具体是从1995年开始的,突变前后平均雷暴日数相差9．32d。     

1967-2012年长丰雷暴气候特征分析

利用江淮之间北部地区的长丰站1967-2012年的逐日观测雷暴数据,通过线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall检验法研究雷暴的气候特征.结果表明:长丰站年平均雷暴日数为27.3d,雷暴日数年代际线性变化呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-2.74d/10a.逐月平均雷暴分布与月平均气温、降水量呈现同相单峰形,7月雷暴出现高峰值,9月雷暴锐减.Mann-Kendall法检验显示,雷暴日数有着显著的下降趋势,突变发生在1977年,并在1982年突破了显著性α =0.05的临界值.     

马鞍山地区雷电时空变化特征

利用1959—2011年马鞍山地区4个观测站53年的逐日人工雷暴观测资料,通过surfer软件绘图计算、经验正交分解(EOF)、建立时间序列以及气候趋势等方法,分析了马鞍山雷电时空变化特征。结果表明:马鞍山雷暴日数呈现东西部、南部偏多,中北部偏少的特点,时间分布上雷暴日数呈下降走势,其气候倾向率为-5.3/10a,季节性分布上主要集中在夏季,雷暴期有延长的趋势,日变化规律十分明显,午后13时至夜间为雷暴出现高峰期。     

基于信息扩散论的贵州省雷暴活动强度分析

本文基于信息扩散的模糊数学理论模型,以贵州各区县1986—2010年的雷暴日观测数据为集值,分析各区县的雷暴活动强度分布情况,为防雷工程的合理化设计提供依据。分析结果表明:全省各区县雷暴活动强度以中、多雷暴区为主,其中少、中、多、强雷暴的发生概率分别为低于10.78%、低于61.82%、介于29.42%至99.85%之间、低于6.10%。雷暴活动强度区域分布大致随纬度变化,强雷暴、多雷暴、中雷暴、少雷暴频发区呈现由西南向北分布;其中西南部安龙、兴仁、盘县雷暴日高于90天的可能性高于其他区域,约为20a一遇;雷暴日不大于25天最可能发生在北部仁怀、赤水、务川等地,呈现10~20a一遇。     

近50年贵州省雷暴气候特征分析

利用贵州79个观测站1962—20¨年雷暴观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、小波分析和Mann—kendall检验,研究了贵州雷暴的气候变化特征。结果表明：全省雷暴活动西南向东北沿线逐渐减弱,东南向西北部减弱;根据EOF分析,雷暴异常空间分布主要有以下三类：全区一致型、纬向型、经向型,即同增同减、北多（少）南少（多）、东增（减）西减（增）,以全区一致型表现最为明显,其方差贡献为66．16％;此外,年际变化存在8～10年长周期、2～3年短周期振荡变化,且自1986年发生突变,总体呈现减弱的趋势,尤其以90年代以来最为显著,并推测未来几年全省雷暴活动将持续维持在偏少期。     

新型蜂窝布局雷电预警系统在海南地区的应用

为提升中国石化海南省石油分公司雷电应急响应及预防能力,减少因雷灾引起的伤亡事故,组建了覆盖海南省的新型蜂窝布局雷电预警网,对海南地区的雷电活动进行实时预警。使用地闪定位数据对蜂窝布局雷电预警系统的预警效率进行统计分析。结果表明:该系统的有效预警可达到85. 5%,错误预警率约为73%,初步认为错误预警率偏高主要是由于预警系统对云闪造成的电场变化探测灵敏,而用来作为对比分析的闪电定位资料对云闪的探测效率较低造成的。     

陇东黄土高原雷暴特征及统计预报模型

利用1961～2006年陇东黄土高原气象观测站的雷暴资料,运用数理统计、函数分解、图表分析方法,分析了雷暴的时空分布特征.(结果表明:陇东雷暴次数的年际变化总体上呈波动状态,60年代为雷暴多发期,70年代波动明显,大致存在4.5年的振荡周期,80年代为增长期,以5年为周期振荡,90年代开始至今以4年为周期振荡并呈现减少趋势.根据41年NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料,并考虑下垫面热力作用,用统计分析方法得到判别陇东黄土高原雷暴有无的预报函数,建立了雷暴短期短时预报的判别模型.检验表明:雷暴短期短时预报模型是可行的,2005～2006年试报,雷暴预报出现宰可达61.7%,在同一时效下模型的预报水平要高于预报员的主观预报.     

福州区域雾霾天气时空分布特征分析

利用1968～2007年共40年的福州区域9个气象站的历史地面观测资料,分析雾霾天气的时间分布特征及其原因。结果表明:40年间,福州区域雾日最多的是永泰站,轻雾日最多的是福州站,霾日数最多的是福清站;福州区域40年来雾日数有减少趋势,而轻雾和霾日数有增多趋势,对比前后20年的雾霾日数分布,福清、福州、闽侯3个站的霾日数出现异常增多;雾日数和霾日数具有明显的季节性变化,雾主要出现在12月～翌年6月的冬春季节,霾主要出现在10月～翌年4月的秋冬春季节,轻雾日数的季节性变化不明显。     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.