表面活性剂对DDT在胶州湾沉积物上吸附行为的影响

采用批量定时取样法和批量平衡法,研究了低浓度阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）存在下胶州湾沉积物对DDT的吸附特性及机制.结果表明,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附等温线可用Freundlich等温式较好地描述.在实验浓度范围内,SDBS和CTAB均利于DDT在沉积物上的吸附,且吸附速率和吸附能力均随SDBS和CTAB初始浓度的增加而增大,其中CTAB的影响更为显著.以p,p＇-DDT为例,当SDBS的浓度为10mg.L-1时,吸附速率常数k2由1.232×10-2 g.（μg.min）-1提高到4.193×10-2 g.（μg.min）-1,KF由2.866（μg.g-1）（L.μg-1）1/n增加到7.932（μg.g-1）（L.μg-1）1/n.另外本研究还分析了SDBS存在下温度对吸附过程的影响,结果表明,在283～308 K范围内,较低的温度有利于DDT的吸附,该吸附是一个自发的、放热的、熵增加的物理吸附过程,SDBS的存在使DDT在吸附过程中的ΔG0、ΔH0值更负,ΔS0值更小.该研究可为DDT在胶州湾中的迁移转化及其归宿提供一定的理论基础.     

阴-阳离子表面活性剂对啶虫脒在水溶液中光解的影响

研究了不同浓度的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)对啶虫脒在水溶液中光解的影响.结果表明,啶虫脒的光反应符合一级反应动力学规律,表面活性剂不直接参与啶虫脒的光反应.SDBS和CTAB对啶虫脒的光反应均有抑制作用,CTAB的抑制作用大于SDBS.当SDBS浓度低于400mg·L-1时,随着浓度的增加,SDBS的抑制作用有增强的趋势,在400mg·L-1时达到最强,而后,随着浓度的增加逐渐减弱.而CTAB的加入量为25mg·L-1时,即产生强烈的抑制作用,抑制率达到62.90%;加入量为50～150mg·L-1时,抑制作用趋于稳定,抑制率为80.36%～87.03%.     

表面活性剂对污染土壤中重金属Cu(Ⅱ)的洗脱试验研究

采用批平衡法比较研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TX100)及其混合物(SDBS-TX100)对土壤中铜的洗脱作用.重点研究了表面活性剂浓度、清洗时间、溶液pH值、土水比、无机盐等因素对洗脱作用的影响.结果表明,表面活性剂对Cu(Ⅱ)污染土壤的洗脱作用存在较大差异.当表面活性剂初始浓度相同时,单一SDBS较不同质量配比的混合SDBS-TX100和单一TX100洗脱效果好;6 000 mg.L-1SDBS对Cu(Ⅱ)的洗脱效率达到46.3%,分别是同浓度SDBS-TX100(3∶1)、SDBS-TX100(1∶1)、SDBS-TX100(1∶3)和单一TX100洗脱效率的5.8、10.8、10.8和19.3倍;1∶10土水比条件下,清洗时间为24 h时,各表面活性剂体系都达到最好清洗效果;溶液pH值对表面活性剂洗脱Cu(Ⅱ)有显著影响,随着溶液pH值升高,表面活性剂的洗脱能力逐渐下降,强酸性条件下(pH=1.50),洗脱率最高可达95%;土水比越小表面活性剂对土壤中Cu(Ⅱ)的洗脱效果越好;无机盐对表面活性剂的洗脱能力影响不大,但是过量Mg2+(浓度>500...     

表面活性剂对二嗪磷在不同土壤中吸附迁移的影响

采用批量平衡法和薄层层析法, 分别研究了不同浓度的3种表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、Tween80和十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB) 对二嗪磷在湖南省具有代表性的6大土类、9种不同母质土壤中吸附和迁移性能的影响. 结果表明, SDBS能够明显地降低各种土壤对二嗪磷的吸附, 促进二嗪磷的迁移作用, 并且吸附平衡系数(Kd)、比移值(Rf)分别随SDBS浓度增大而增大、减小.浓度成显著的负相关和正相关关系.Tween-80和CTAB对二嗪磷在土壤中的吸附和迁移表现出一定的相似性, Tween-80浓度在0.1~2倍临界胶束浓度(CMC)范围内(CTAB浓度为0.80~87.43 mg·L-1), 其Kd值、Rf值分别随表面活性剂浓度增大而增大、减小, 而Tween-80浓度在2~5倍临界胶束浓度的范围内(CTAB浓度为87.43~191.60 mg·L-1.), 则出现与之相反的变化趋势.     

表面活性剂修饰氧化铋形貌及其超声降解性能研究

本实验分别用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)以及两种表面活性剂耦合进行修饰氧化铋形貌,并对修饰后的样品进行XRD、EDS、XPS、SEM等表征分析;同时探讨了表面活性剂修饰后的氧化铋在超声作用下对直接大红的最佳投加量和降解性能.结果表明:催化剂的最佳投加量为75 mg,最佳降解性能的样品为阴阳离子表面活性剂耦合修饰的氧化铋;当催化剂投加量为75 mg、初始浓度为10 mg·L-1、超声频率为45 k Hz、功率为100 W时,表面活性剂SDBS与CTAB在比例为1∶1耦合时修饰的氧化铋在20 min内对直接大红的总去除率达到99.4%,比空白实验提高16倍多.     

共存污染物对阿特拉津在天然沉积物上吸附的影响

实验研究了重金属和表面活性剂对阿特拉津在沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 在低浓度时对阿特拉津吸附无影响或降低其吸附,高浓度时则能明显或轻微促进其吸附.在实验浓度范围内,与对照相比,表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,而Span 20则在低浓度时(≤1mg·L-1)抑制阿特拉津的吸附,高浓度时(>1mg·L-1)促进其吸附.     

十二烷基硫酸钠和Triton X-100淋洗菲污染砂土研究

比较研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚Triton X-100(TX100)及其混合表面活性剂(SDS-TX100)对菲污染砂土的柱淋洗作用.表面活性剂质量浓度为1000、1750、2500和3250mg·L-1,混合表面活性剂的质量配比SDS∶TX100(S∶T)分别为1∶1、1∶2和1∶4.结果表明,单一SDS对土柱中菲的淋洗曲线规律不明显,呈锯齿状波动;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲淋洗规律明显,随淋洗液孔隙体积数增大,淋洗液中菲浓度呈先增大,达到峰值,然后逐渐降低的趋势,且随表面活性剂浓度的增大,淋洗液中菲浓度峰值增大,所需淋洗液的累积孔隙体积数减小.在淋洗液累积孔隙体积数相同时,同种表面活性剂对菲的去除率与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲的去除效果与表面活性剂浓度和配比有关,且均远远大于SDS.当表面活性剂浓度为1000、1750和2500mg·L-1时,TX100和SDS-TX100对菲的累积去除率均可达95%以上,但SDS-TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数小于TX100;当表面活性剂浓度为3250mg·L-1时,5种表面活性剂(SDS、TX100、S∶T=1∶1、S∶T=1∶2和S∶T=1∶4)对菲的累积去除率均达到最大,分别为70.8%、99.9%、99.9%、98.7%和99.2%,而TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数最小.在表面活性剂淋洗修复有机污染土壤时,表面活性剂种类、浓度和配比等因素对修复效果影响显著.     

复合污染中Triton X-100在膨润土/水界面上的吸附行为

研究了水溶液中膨润土对非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(X-100)的吸附,重点探讨了阳离子表面活性剂CPC、阴离子表面活性剂SDBS、中性无机盐NaCl及温度对膨润土吸附TX-100的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土吸附TX-100的效果好于Ca基膨润土;低浓度CPC对膨润土吸附TX-100具有增强作用,当CPC初始浓度大于l0000 mg·L-1(平衡浓度Ce约为1CMC)时具有抑制作用,当CPC浓度低于3000 mg·L-1(Ce约为0.03CMC)时,TX-100吸附量与CPC浓度成线性正相关.SDBS能显著降低膨润土对TX-100的吸附,原因是溶液中SDBS与TX-100混合胶束的形成能阻止TX-100与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用及在其表面形成胶束.NaCl的存在可以大大提高膨润土对TX-100的吸附,去除率由56%提高到99%以上.膨润土对TX-100的吸附随温度升高吸附量增大,其吸附热为12.68 kJ·mol-1,标准自由能的减小和熵值的增大是TX-100在膨润土上吸附的推动力.实验结果对用膨润土处理含表面活性剂废水具有一定的理论价值.     

北京土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附及影响因素分析

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对甲苯和萘吸附的影响.结果表明,尽管7种土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附能力差别较大,但其吸附等温线均很好的符合Freundlich吸附模式;同一土壤中,萘的吸附量大于甲苯的吸附量.温度升高不利于甲苯和萘在土壤中的吸附.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)均利于甲苯和萘在土壤表面的解吸,CTAB和SDBS对甲苯和萘的解吸率最高分别可达27.5%、12.1%和64.3%、48.8%,说明SDBS的解吸效果更好.甲苯     

非离子表面活性剂对菲在水/土壤界面间吸附行为的影响

比较研究了不同浓度非离子表面活性剂TX 10 0存在下 ,4种土壤对菲的吸附作用 .研究表明 ,TX 10 0浓度小于 2CMC时 ,有机碳含量 (foc)分别为 5 1× 10 3 mg kg、1 2 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤对菲的吸附作用增强 ,即K d Kd 比值大于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而增大 ;foc分别为 3 31× 10 4 mg kg、6 4 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤 ,则降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 ,即K d Kd 比值小于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .当加入的TX 10 0浓度大于 2CMC时 ,则明显降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 .菲的K d Kd 比值随土壤有机碳含量的增加而降低 ,而表观有机碳标化的吸附系数K oc 则随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .影响机理由吸附态和溶解态的TX 10 0分别对菲的吸附作用和增溶作用决定 .     

非一阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃（PAHs）萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂增溶PAHs的强化效果.结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为：Tween 80 ＞TX-100＞ Tween 20＞ SDS＞SDBS.将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大.低浓度（0.03 mol/L）的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显.     

Utilizing surfactants to control the sorption, desorption, and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water system

An integrative technology including the surfactant enhanced sorption and subsequentdesorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in the soil-water system was introduced and tested. For slightly contaminated agricultural soils, cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant- enhanced sorption of organic contaminants onto soils could reduce their transfer to plants, therefore safe-guarding agricultural production. After planting, residual surfactants combined with added nonionic surfactant could also promote thedesorption and biodegradation of residual phenanthrene, thus providing a cost-effective pollution remediation technology.0ur results showed that the cationic-nonionic mixed surfactantsdodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) and Triton X-100 (TX100) significantly enhanced soil retention of phenanthrene. The maximum sorption coefficient Kd* of phenanthrene for contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants was about24.5 times that of soils without surfactant (Kd ) and higher than the combined effects of DDPB and TX100 individually, which was about 16.7 and 1.5 times Kd , respectively.0n the other hand, TX100 could effectively remove phenanthrene from contaminated soils treated by mixed surfactants, improving the bioavailability of organic pollutants. Thedesorption rates of phenanthrene from these treated soils were greater than 85% with TX100 concentration above2000 mg/L and approached 100% with increasing TX100 concentration. The biodegradation rates of phenanthrene in the presence of surfactants reached over 95% in30days. The mixed surfactants promoted the biodegradation of phenanthrene to some extent in 10-22days, and had no obvious impact on phenanthrene biodegradation at the end of the experiment. Results obtained from this study provide some insight for the production of safe agricultural products and a remediation scheme for soils slightly contaminated with organic pollutants.     

表面活性剂对极性有机物在沉积物上吸附的影响

研究了苯酚、苯胺和对硝基苯酚在沉积物-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)体系中的分配特性.结果表明200mg/L和1200mg/L的SDBS存在下,苯胺和对硝基苯酚的沉积物-水分配系数均增大,分配作用的增大倍数与有机物的K_ow呈正相关;苯酚的分配系数则因表面活性剂存在浓度的不同分别增大和减小.十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、Triton X-100(TX100)和Brij30存在下,苯酚等温吸附实验表明:表面活性剂浓度约低于其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,苯酚的吸附量增大;表面活性剂浓度约高于其CMC时,苯酚的吸附量比纯水中的吸附量小.     

广西红树林沉积物对诺氟沙星的吸附特征研究

采用批量平衡吸附实验研究了广西红树林沉积物对诺氟沙星的吸附特性,以及pH、盐度和表面活性剂等对吸附的影响。结果表明,诺氟沙星在沉积物上的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段;在实验浓度范围内吸附等温线呈非线性,可用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行良好的拟合。在pH为3~10时,诺氟沙星的平衡吸附量随pH的增大,先增后减;而平衡吸附量随盐度的上升呈下降的趋势。在表面活性剂浓度为5.00 mg/L时,3种类型表面活性剂对诺氟沙星在红树林沉积物上吸附均有促进作用,作用由弱到强依次为:Tween20 SDBS CTAB。     

Contribution of black carbon to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption of acetochlor on sediment

In order to investigate the contribution of various black carbon (BC) contents to nonlinearity of sorption and desorption isotherms for acetochlor on sediment, equilibrium sorption and desorption isotherms were determined to measure sorption and desorption of acetochlor in sediment amended with various amounts of BC. In this paper, two types of BC referred to as BC400 and BC500 were prepared at 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Higher preparation temperature facilitated the formation of micropores on BC to enhance its sorption capacity. Increase of the BC content obviously increased the sorption amount and reduced the desorption amount for acetochlor. When the BC500 contents in total organic carbon (TOC) increased from 0 to 60%, Freundlich sorption coefficient (K _f) increased from 4.07 to 35.74, and desorption hysteresis became gradually obvious.When the content of BC in TOC was lower than 23%, the sorption isotherm had a significant linear correlation (p = 50.05). In case of desorption, a significant nonlinear change could be observed when the content of BC was up to 13%. Increase of BC content in the sediment would result in shifting the sorption-desorption isotherms from linearity to nonlinearity, which indicated that contribution of BC to nonlinear adsorption fraction became gradually remarkable.     

Sorption and transport studies of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 in clayey soil

Surfactants are soil washing agents and facilitators for subsurface remediation of hydrocarbon spills.It is important to understand the sorption and transport behavior of surfactants for enhanced soil remediation.The adsorption and desorption isotherms of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100 with sand and kaolinite have been quantified.Kaolinite clay had the highest sorption capacity compared to blasting sand.Transport parameters such as diffusion coefficient (D) and retardation factor (R) of the above mentioned surfactant solutions were determined in clayey soils (82.5% sand and 17.5% kaolinite mixture) with near zero and 0.1 g/L ionic strength.NaCl was used as the electrolyte solution.Convection-Diffusion equation was used to model the breakthrough curves of the surfactants.Bromide ion was chosen as the tracer material in order to characterize the column.CTAB and Triton X-100 were used to flush the perchloroethylene (PCE) contaminated soil.The effectiveness of CTAB and Triton X-100 in flushing the PCE from the contaminated soil was quantified.