废食用油脂作生物柴油原料的可行性分析

分析了各国废食用油脂的产生、回收和法规管理现状.重点通过分析废食用油脂物化性质,评价利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的工艺特征和技术可行性.探讨了利用废食用油脂制造的生物柴油产品的品质和环境效益以及使用要求.同时分析了利用废食用油脂制造生物柴油的经济成本和存在的问题.     

生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油

对4种生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了菜籽生物柴油投加量和砂粒粒径对促进效果的影响。结果表明,菜籽生物柴油的促进效果最好,8 h释放量达到73%,废油脂生物柴油的效果最差,仅为52%;生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增大而升高,当投加量超过海水体积的5%时促进效果不再明显增加;在生物柴油作用下,小粒径砂粒上原油的释放效果优于大粒径砂粒。     

铜和磷即将枯竭

生物柴油是以大豆和油菜籽等油类作物、油粽和黄连木等油料林木果实、工程微藻等水生植物,以及动物油脂、餐饮废油等为原料而制成的液体燃料,是一种新的清洁能源。这种燃料突出的特点就在于有良好的环保性,柴油车使用后,排放的尾气中不含二氧化硫,而且碳氢化合物和一氧化碳排放量也大为降低。一般柴油分子是由15个左右的碳链组成,     

废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的研究

脱色处理是提高废食用油油品质量、利用其生产生物柴油的关键环节之一.研究餐饮废食用油活性炭吸附脱色工艺,考察典型木质活性炭和煤基活性炭对脱色效果的影响,并将活性炭结构、性能指标与其脱色能力进行关联.结果表明,以弱粘性煤和褐煤为原料制备的活性炭对废食用油脱色效果较好;活性炭的总孔容积、总比表面积、微孔比表面积、微孔容积、碘值和亚甲基蓝值等性能指标与脱色效果关联度不大,而活性炭的孔径和中孔容积是决定活性炭脱色效果的主要指标.优化后废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的主要参数是:活性炭用量7%,炭粒度100～300目,脱色温度90～120℃,吸附时间为30 min,搅拌速度为10 r/min,废食用油的脱色率在50%～65%.     

广州市餐厨垃圾不同处置方式的经济与环境效益比较

对广州市餐厨垃圾采用填埋、焚烧、综合处理3种处置方式的经济和环境效益进行了对比分析。结果表明,对于一座日处理能力为500t的餐厨垃圾处理厂而言,如果采用制取沼气和提炼生物柴油的综合处理方式,则年处置费用约为3833万元,年运输成本约为1825万元,年总收益(主要为出售生物柴油和发电)为7093万元,年净收益可达1435万元;一座日处理能力为500t的餐厨垃圾处理厂通过综合处理提炼的生物柴油若替代普通柴油使用,则每年可减少CO2排放量达110000t,而且餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵过程中产生的CO2也能被有效回收并加以利用。总体来说,综合处理方式既实现了餐厨垃圾的资源化有效利用,也达到了低污染排放的目的,经济与环境效益均达最佳。     

水中柴油污染物的微生物降解及其动力学

以混合柴油为靶污染物,通过对比实验研究了油污染物在模拟水环境中的降解效果。研究表明,模拟自然条件下混合柴油污染物总体降解较慢,油质去除率低;生物强化降解条件下,向混合柴油污染水样中添加驯化培养的微生物混合菌群,生物降解速率明显提高,油质去除率达到98%以上。研究还发现,各污染水样中油的降解速率与降解效果随柴油的配比而不同,混合柴油样本中生物柴油的比例越高,样本的降解率越高,表明生物柴油作为碳源有效改善了水中有机营养配比,促进了柴油的去除效果。进一步分析表明,混合柴油在水中的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,生物强化降解条件下,生物柴油比例越高,混合柴油降解速率越快,除油微生物以菌胶团、球菌和丝状菌为主。     

城市餐饮废油脂的管理

探索了城市餐饮废油脂的管理措施，提出了全过程管理和市场方法相结合的管理模式，即从环境影响评价阶段起，就对餐饮项目可能产生的废油脂纳入管理轨道。同时，建立多元化的环境投资方式和市场运作机制，使废油脂收集、处理实行企业化运营。环境管理体系和市场方法的有机结合，不但达到控制污染的目的，还可以取得较好的经济效益。     

利用生物柴油去除滨海构筑物上原油的模拟研究简

溢油向岸滩漂移会造成海岸带人工构筑物的严重污染。采用混凝土片模拟滨海构筑物,研究投加生物柴油及营养对石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,施加生物柴油可以促进滨海构筑物上的石油进入水中,生物柴油施加量越大,构筑物上残余的石油量越小;同时施加生物柴油和营养能够促进海水中降解石油微生物的增殖和石油的降解;营养和微生物条件一致的情况下,投加2 mL和5 mL生物柴油的系统中石油的总去除率分别为37.5%和32.7%,表明生物柴油的投加量有一个适宜值。研究结果可为生物柴油-营养联合修复石油污染海岸带提供数据支持。     

利用生物柴油去除滨海构筑物上原油的模拟研究

溢油向岸滩漂移会造成海岸带人工构筑物的严重污染。采用混凝土片模拟滨海构筑物,研究投加生物柴油及营养对石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,施加生物柴油可以促进滨海构筑物上的石油进入水中,生物柴油施加量越大,构筑物上残余的石油量越小;同时施加生物柴油和营养能够促进海水中降解石油微生物的增殖和石油的降解;营养和微生物条件一致的情况下,投加2 mL和5 mL生物柴油的系统中石油的总去除率分别为37.5%和32.7%,表明生物柴油的投加量有一个适宜值。研究结果可为生物柴油-营养联合修复石油污染海岸带提供数据支持。     

高浓度油脂废水的微生物净化处理技术浅析

在简要介绍目前含有高浓度油脂废水的产生和排放现状之后,总结分析了最近几年来一些具有一定代表性的生物处理方法的研究成果,同时提出了今后油脂废水处理技术的一点建议。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.