绿色“一带一路”视角下“无废城市”建设思路

“无废城市”是强调固体废物减量化、资源化、无害化的城市发展模式,在全球范围内已开展广泛实践。在绿色“一带一路”视角下推进“无废城市”建设,对推动全球环境治理与区域协调发展,引领“一带一路”共建国家实现可持续发展目标,助力中国构建“双循环”新发展格局具有重要意义。针对“一带一路”共建国家固体废物激增、管理体系不健全、处置设施不足、处置技术落后、资金短缺等现实问题,提出将“无废城市”建设融入“一带一路”政策沟通、基础设施互联互通、贸易畅通、资金融通、民心相通的五通任务中,并提出了具体政策建议。     

浙江省小微企业危险废物集中收运体系建设实践与思考

针对民营经济发达、小微企业众多、工业危险废物产生量少但种类多的情况,浙江省在全域“无废城市”建设中,以“政府引导、市场主导”为原则,建立了覆盖全省的小微企业危险废物集中收运体系,以破解小微企业危险废物处置出路难的问题。概述了浙江省小微企业危险废物产生及收运现状,并依据集中收运体系的准入条件和建设要求,梳理了全省小微企业危险废物集中收运体系的建设情况及发挥的效用,总结提炼了各地实施中取得的亮点经验,指出了政策体系、盈利模式等方面存在的问题。在此基础上,提出了今后进一步完善小微企业危险废物集中收运体系建设并可持续运行的思考和设想。本研究结果可为各地试点小微企业危险废物集中收运体系建设工作提供参考。     

浙江省全域“无废城市”建设实践模式与成效评估

推进全域“无废城市”建设,促进固体废物减量化、资源化、无害化是构建绿色经济体系的重要内容,对浙江实现经济社会高质量发展和“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标具有重大意义。在分析“无废城市”理念在浙江近2年实践进展的基础上,从协同体系、制度体系、监管体系、技术体系、市场体系、宣教体系6个方面总结了全域“无废城市”建设典型模式;构建了全域“无废城市”建设指标体系用于建设成效评估,并结合Spearman相关性分析针对典型地区开展了指标体系示范应用,提出了全域“无废城市”实践与成效评估优化建议,以期为推进“十四五”时期浙江省全域“无废城市”建设提质增效提供支持,为全国“无废城市”建设提供借鉴。     

我国污染地块安全开发利用模式与安全性评价方法

随着对污染地块安全开发利用认识的不断深入,污染地块安全开发利用模式及开发利用的安全性评价日益受到重视。从广义和狭义2个层面分别阐述了污染地块安全开发利用模式的含义,并重点对“四分”总体修复策略和“五个特性”技术策略共同构成的狭义层面上的安全开发利用模式进行了阐释,分析了影响模式选择的5个影响因素。在此基础上,构建出一套包含5个一级指标、10个二级指标的污染地块开发利用“安全性”评价指标体系,提出了各指标的评价方法。本研究旨在提出对我国在污染地块安全开发利用模式及安全性评价方法开展深入研究,并为污染地块修复技术的比选和评价、开展修复（管控）工程的评价提供参考,进而推动我国污染地块的绿色可持续发展。     

Traditional Farming Landscapes for Sustainable Living in Scandinavia and Japan: Global Revival Through the Satoyama Initiative

Traditional, pre-industrial farming was adapted to the natural environment—topography, geology, hydrology, climate, and biota. Traditional land use systems are still to be traced in Scandinavia as an “infield/outland landscape”, and in Japan as a “Satoyama landscape.” There are obvious similarities and differences in land use—the main difference being that pasturing of cattle and sheep has been less important in Japan. These land use systems can be traced back to early sedentary settlements 1500–2500 years ago. In both regions, traditional management almost ceased in the mid-twentieth century leading to afforestation and decreased biological diversity. Today, there is in Japan a growing movement for landscape restoration and promotion of a sustainable living countryside based on local agrarian and forestry production, local energy, tourism, etc. With this background, the so-called Satoyama Initiative has been organized and introduced as a global socio-ecological project with ecosystem services for human well-being.     

城镇排水系统运行效能评价指标体系的构建与研究

排水系统是城镇一个重要的基础设施,其运行效能评价对于城镇水环境治理维护和绿色低碳发展具有重要意义。对国内外相关研究成果从以下三方面进行了梳理和分析：首先,运行效能评价研究按评价目标的不同可分为内涝和溢流的控制、管网性能的预测与诊断、排水系统的规划与运营、安全风险类评估和综合性评价五类,阐明了这五类评价指标体系的研究现状,总结了其常用指标;其次,分析各评价指标体系的构建流程,可归纳为“调研准备”“指标构建”“赋分评价”三个阶段,归纳了常用评价指标筛选方法,并指出其中最关键的部分在于第三阶段的评价方法的选择,即指标赋权和最终评价结果的计算;最后,对文献中的各类评价方法进行了分析,结果表明基于层次分析主观定权法的综合评价法是当前研究中的常用方法,可以解决评价过程中产生的不确定性、不一致性、模糊化、定量化等问题;同时也概述了客观定权方法如熵权法、神经网络、组合定权等方法的特点和适用性。研究指出关于智慧水务和平稳输送的效能评价还比较缺乏,而随着物网联、人工智能、在线监测等技术的快速发展以及海量可靠的排水系统相关数据的出现,将给以客观定权法为主流的新评价方法的开发应用带来契机。本研究可为完善排水系统运行效能评价指标体系并计算准确评价结果提供参考。     

Spatial characteristics and influential mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urban accessibility and human development index in China

To optimize the accessibility algorithm and quantify the potential relationship between human development index and traffic comprehensive accessibility system, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution pattern of urban accessibility and human development index of highway, railway, and aviation transportation systems using data on highway, railway, and aviation schedules based on GIS spatial analysis method. Furthermore, the coupling degree between human development index and accessibility and its influence mechanism on the city level in China were explored based on the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis model. Results showed as follows: (1) Spatial distribution of human development index from high to low was gradually changing from east to west. The spatial distribution of urban accessibility of the three traffic systems had an evident “Hu Huanyong Line” effect. (2) The coordination degree of urban accessibility and human development index spread in a ladder mode. High coordination of cities in North and East China and the central Yangtze River region forms the spatial distribution of urban development circles connecting an urban development belt. (3) Railway connectivity and control value were highly sensitive to human development index in cities where serious imbalance between accessibility and human development index. Highway connectivity and control value were highly sensitive to human development index in cities where high coordination between accessibility and human development index. The results would provide scientific references for spatial planning of transportation, economic, and social development of cities and coordinated development of urban agglomeration in China.

     

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项产出城镇降雨径流污染控制技术的成熟度评估及该技术体系发展中面临的挑战

系统梳理了国家“水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项”在“十一五”和“十二五”期间有关课题产出的城镇降雨径流污染控制关键技术,通过对其进行技术和系统成熟度评价来解析我国城镇降雨径流污染控制技术的发展水平和面临挑战,为进一步推进相关技术的发展提供参考。结果表明：我国在城镇降雨径流污染控制技术领域已开展了大量研究工作,研发和应用的大部分单项关键技术的技术成熟度已达到7级,可在一定程度上解决我国城镇径流污染问题;在城镇降雨径流污染控制技术体系中,支撑技术系统成熟度为4级,达到系统发展验证阶段,能够用于开展系统的工程设计,减少集成风险;4个关键技术环节和城镇降雨径流污染控制技术系列的系统成熟度分别为3级和2级,在技术环节和系列方面仅仅形成系统及设计开发策略,能在一定程度上降低系统集成风险,形成组合技术。因此,我国城镇降雨径流污染控制技术的单项技术成熟度还需进一步提高,以加强技术和系统的集成,并开展集成创新,使整体技术系列能达到满足任务需求的设计、运行和处理能力,在系统生命周期内向应用效益最佳的方向优化和发展。     

Health risk assessment of an abandoned herbicide factory site for transportation use in Dalian,China

An abandoned herbicide factory site was used as an example of how planning should be considered for development of the site for transportation use in Dalian, China. Exposure pathways and parameters for three types of transportation use (land for a traffic hub, land for an urban road, and land for a subway) were developed. Twenty-five sampling sites were selected and 38 soil samples were collected in March 2015. Hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene which were extracted by Soxhlet extraction and detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry were the most significant pollutants detected. The maximum concentration of the two pollutants in the surface layer (0–0.5 m) were 0.57 and 3.10 mg/kg, and in the bottom layer (1.0 m) were 2.57 and 3.72 mg/kg, respectively. In this study, risk assessment results based on the established exposure scenario and parameters showed that there was a significant difference in traffic hub land use under specific exposure pathway and common insensitive land use exposure pathways (direct ingestion of soil, dermal contact with soil, and inhalation of soil-derived dust). Commonly considered hexachlorobenzene and benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic risk values exceeded the maximum acceptable level (10⁻⁶) and were found to be 23.9-fold and 189-fold higher than the carcinogenic risk values, respectively. Parameter sensitivity analysis data showed that for transportation use, the two parameters “EFOa” and “OSIRa” were the most significant factors associated with variation of the carcinogenic risk value. For traffic hub land use, urban road land use, and subway land use, the main exposure pathways were through “inhalation of soil vapors outdoors (from surface soil),” “direct ingestion of soil,” and “inhalation of soil vapors indoors (from bottom soil),” which contributed 84.75, 73.00, and 100.00% to the total risk value, respectively.

     

Power to gas: an option for 2060 high penetration rate of renewable energy scenario of China

Replacing conventional fossil fuel power plants with large-scale renewable energy sources (RES) is a crucial aspect of the decarbonization of the power sector and represents a key part of the carbon-neutral strategy of China. The high penetration rate of renewable energy in the electricity system, however, implies the challenges of dealing with the intermittency and fluctuation of RES. Power to gas (P2G), which can convert surplus renewable power into a chemical form of energy (i.e., synthetic gas), can help handle this challenge and supply new energy carriers for various energy sectors. By modeling three potential 2060 energy mix scenarios in China, this paper aims to describe the possible contribution of the high penetration rate of renewable energy combined with P2G in the future sustainable energy system. Different schemes are listed and compared, and the results are used in a basic economic evaluation of the synthetic gas production cost for the P2G plants. Ideally, nearly 18 million tons of carbon dioxide would be recycled and transformed into methane (around 9.37 km³) annually in China. Considering a zero price for the excess renewable power and future costs of the components, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the final production of methane is estimated at 0.86 $/m³_SNG.

     

试论城市环境与可持续发展

从城市环境概念和内涵入手,以可持续发展原则作为依据,首次提出了城市环境可持续发展的概念,并建立了其相应的模型,进而对城市环境ＳＤ具体内容进行了分析,最后指出了城市环境可持续发展政策框架,为研究城市可持续发展理论,实施国家可持续发展战略提供了一种新的思路。     

“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”固废产量预测模型——以内蒙古工业大学为例

开展“无废城市”建设是我国建设生态文明、实现美丽中国目标的重要工作内容,是推动实现绿色低碳高质量发展的有力抓手,而“无废校园”建设则是“无废城市”建设的必要补充,旨在全面实现校园固废资源化与无害化,打造低碳、环保、节能、友好的校园环境。本研究以内蒙古工业大学为例,通过文献调研、实地走访调查和预测模型构建相结合的方式,系统研究了内蒙古工业大学校园固废产生规律及固废产量预测模型。结果表明,校园固废具有产生数量大、产生空间集中、产生时间具有阶段性等特点,其中教学楼、操场、住宿楼日固废产生均值分别为(6.08±0.77)、(4.50±0.82)、(23.58±5.41) kg,且不同区域之间固废产量呈现季节性差异;校园固废种类较社会面单一,易于分类管理,其中88.10%的学生非上课时间集中活动在教学科研区与宿舍区,并产生了约92.53%的固废量;基于实际数据及GM(1,1)灰色预测模型构建发现系统对夏季和冬季校园固废拟合精度分别为好和合格,预测结果可靠。本研究结果可为“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”建设提供参考。     

Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control

In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as “wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals” (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the “high” category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the “medium” category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the “low” category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the “very low” category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of “high”, “medium” and “low” categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1–10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11–15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.     

Measuring Sustainability Based Upon Various Perspectives: A Case Study of a Hill Station in Southeast Asia

A hill station is a town or city situated in mountain regions in the tropics founded during the western colonization in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hill stations have moderate temperatures, and are known for their relatively good natural environments, which generate valuable ecosystem services that benefit the local population. However, rapid urbanization threatens the sustainability of these areas. This study evaluates the sustainability of the urbanization process of Baguio City, a hill station city in Southeast Asia and the summer capital of the Philippines, by determining the relationship between its velocity of urbanization and velocity of urban sustainability based upon various perspectives. From an equal weight perspective (of the triple bottom line of sustainability components, namely environmental, social, and economic) and a pro-economic perspective, the results revealed that the urbanization of Baguio City has been moving toward a “sustainable urbanization.” However, from the environmental and eco-sustainable human development perspectives, the results indicated that it has been moving toward an “unsustainable urbanization.” The paper discusses the implications of the findings for the planning of sustainable development for Baguio City, including some critical challenges in sustainability assessment and the applicability of the framework used for future sustainability assessments of the other hill stations in Southeast Asia.     

Multilingual education of students on a global scale and perspective—international networking on the example of bioindication and biomonitoring (B&B technologies)

Living or formerly living organisms are being used to obtain information on the quality of the general health status of our environment by bioindication and biomonitoring methods for many decades. Thus, different roads toward this common scientific goal were developed by a lot of different international research groups. Global cooperation in between various scientific teams throughout the world has produced common ideas, scientific definitions, and highly innovative results of this extremely attractive working field. The transdisciplinary approach of different and multifaceted scientific areas—starting from biology, analytical chemistry, via health physics, up to social and economic issues—have surpassed mental barriers of individual scientists, so that “production” of straightforward common results related to the influence of material and immaterial environmental factors to the well-being of organisms and human life has now reached the forefront of international thinking. For the further sustainable development of our common scientific “hobby” of bioindication and biomonitoring, highest personal energy has to be given by us, being teachers to our students and to convince strategically decision makers as politicians to invest (financially) into the development of education and research of this innovative technique. Young people have to be intensively convinced on the “meaning” of our scientific doing, e.g., by extended forms of education. One example of multilingual education of students on a global scale and perspective is given here, which we started about 3 years ago.     

Spatial distribution and reduction of PCDD/PCDF Toxic Equivalents along three shallow lowland reservoirs

Reservoirs situated along a river continuum are ecosystems where rates of transfer of suspended matter and associated micropollutants are reduced due to sedimentation, accumulation, and biological and physical transformation processes. Among the micropollutants, PCDDs and PCDFs are substances that are highly toxic and carcinogenic for humans and animals. They are emitted and dispersed in the environment throughout the whole catchment area and may accumulate in aquatic and terrestrial food chains, creating a risk for human health. A wealth of data exists indicating the increase in the concentrations of pollutants along a river continuum. A comparative analysis of total, individual, and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations in large lowland, shallow reservoirs located in different catchments (“I”—industrial/urban/agricultural, “U”—urban/agricultural, and “A”—agricultural/rural) showed decreases of the TEQ concentrations in bottom sediments along a gradient from the middle sections to the dam walls. Moreover, penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorinated CDD/CDF congeners were reduced from 28.8 up to 93.6 % in all three types of reservoirs. A further analysis of water samples from the inlets and outlets of the “A” reservoir confirmed this tendency.     

From first generation biofuels to advanced solar biofuels

Roadmaps towards sustainable bioeconomy, including the production of biofuels, in many EU countries mostly rely on biomass use. However, although biomass is renewable, the efficiency of biomass production is too low to be able to fully replace the fossil fuels. The use of land for fuel production also introduces ethical problems in increasing the food price. Harvesting solar energy by the photosynthetic machinery of plants and autotrophic microorganisms is the basis for all biomass production. This paper describes current challenges and possibilities to sustainably increase the biomass production and highlights future technologies to further enhance biofuel production directly from sunlight. The biggest scientific breakthroughs are expected to rely on a new technology called “synthetic biology”, which makes engineering of biological systems possible. It will enable direct conversion of solar energy to a fuel from inexhaustible raw materials: sun light, water and CO₂. In the future, such solar biofuels are expected to be produced in engineered photosynthetic microorganisms or in completely synthetic living factories.     

Nexus between environment regulation,FDI, and green technology innovation in OECD countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To achieve the goal of “sustainable development,” a crucial way is promoting green technology innovation. This paper examines the nexus...     

Measurement for overcapacity and its influencing factors on the construction industry—evidence from China’s provincial data

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Achieving “Responsible Consumption and Production” is one of the 17 sustainable development goals set by the United Nations. Controlling...     

Greenlandic water and sanitation systems—identifying system constellation and challenges

A good water supply and wastewater management is essential for a local sustainable community development. This is emphasized in the new global goals of the UN Sustainable Development, where the sixth objective is to: “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” (United Nations 2015). This obviously raises the question of how this can be achieved considering the very different conditions and cultures around the globe. This article presents the Greenlandic context and elucidates the current Greenland water supply system and wastewater management system from a socio-technical approach, focusing on the geographic, climatic and cultural challenges. The article identifies a diverse set of system constellations in different parts of Greenland and concludes with a discussion of health and quality of life implications.