利用序批式生物膜反应器启动厌氧氨氧化研究

研究了在缺氧条件下利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)快速启动厌氧氨氧化过程,并考察了该过程中反应器的脱氮效率、厌氧氨氧化现象、生物膜性质及微生物群落的变化.从第60d开始出现ANAMMOX现象,经过100多天的启动,最高总氮负荷达0.67kg-N/m3×d,总氮去除率达到87.3%.生物膜厚度和污泥颜色、形态发生明显变化,厌氧氨氧化菌的相对含量达到40%以上,成为反应器的优势菌种.本研究表明SBBR是一种高效启动厌氧氨氧化的生物反应器.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

序批式膜反应器同步硝化和反硝化的特性

为提高污水生物脱氮处理的效率和减少外加碳源,研究了序批式膜反应器(SBBR)在有氧情况下处理生活污水中同步硝化和反硝化的特性.试验表明,原水TN为80～110mg/L和溶解氧浓度为0.8～4.0mg/L情况下,出水TN小于15mg/L,NH₃^-N去除率达100%,TN去除率54%～77%,NH₃^-N容积负荷率为47～94mg/(L·d),TN容积负荷率为56～113mg/(L·d).TN的变化规律为在NH₃^-N降到零或最小之前,TN持续降低之后,TN有短时的上升后再缓慢降低.在较大的溶解氧浓度范围内,SBBR具有同步硝化和反硝化的能力,建议将NH₃^-N降解到零或最小值的时刻,作为同步硝化和反硝化的结束点.     

低温对CANON型序批式生物膜反应器脱氮的影响

探究了4种低温水平下基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮（CANON）型序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）的运行效果及其氮素转化机制.结果表明,当CANON型SBBR在不同的低温水平下稳定运行后,其脱氮微生物优势菌群发生了不同程度的变化,随之改变了系统的氮素转化途径及其脱氮性能.当温度>15℃时,SBBR中AOB和anammox菌的丰度与活性未受到明显抑制,CANON作用始终是系统脱氮的主要途径,SBBR对TN的平均去除率亦较为理想;而当温度<15℃时,anammox菌的丰度与活性在10,5℃下分别出现不同程度的降低,进而改变了SBBR的氮素转化途径,使其脱氮性能出现不同程度的恶化.在10℃时,NOB的增殖及其活性的提高使硝化/反硝化作用取代CANON作用成为SBBR脱氮的主要途径,此时系统对TN的去除率骤降至（16.87±4.79）%;在5℃时,反硝化过程中第1步还原反应的停滞与反硝化菌对NO₂^--N利用率的提高使SBBR中氮素的去除依赖于CANON作用和短程硝化/反硝化作用的协同,系统对TN的去除率为（54.83±3.68）%.     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

自动控制悬浮填料序批式反应器脱氮除磷的研究

选用球形多孔悬浮填料,利用序批式生物膜反应器对模拟城市污水进行试验研究,确定可以以氧化还原电位作为工艺主要控制参数。稳定运行时COD、TN、TP的平均去除效率分别达到97%、83%、94%,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级A标准。     

序批式生物膜法的脱氮特性及机理研究

对序批式生物膜法工艺中所表现出来的脱氮特性进行了探讨，并提出了过量储存－SND脱氮作用机理。厌氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜对含碳氮有机物的过量储存作用；好氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜的SND作用，反硝化的有机碳源主要为生物膜中在厌氧段过量储存的有机碳源。     

智能化控制SBBR处理不同C/N城市污水脱氮除磷性能研究

采用自主研发的智能化控制系统,以智能化控制的运行方式使序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)形成交替运行的好氧-缺氧环境,对不同C/N人工模拟城市污水进行了脱氮磷实验研究.该实验中控制反应器内水温为25℃±1℃,曝气量为150 L/h,进水COD浓度为300 mg/L、TP浓度为5 mg/L,以TN浓度为30、60、90 mg...     

Zn2+对SBR单级好氧模式生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸盐为单一外加碳源,通过比较进水中不同Zn2+浓度(0,1,5,10,20mg/L)下单级好氧模式下序批式反应器(SBR)的除磷效果,考察进水Zn2+浓度对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响,并通过分析各反应器中典型周期内磷及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响机理.当进水Zn2+浓度为0和1mg/L时,除磷率分别高达96.84%和97.90%.当进水Zn2+浓度为5,10,20mg/L时,系统除磷率分别为89.32%,76.43%和57.29%,说明较高浓度Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷有抑制作用.结果表明,较高浓度Zn2+可抑制COD的降解,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯好氧合成及磷酸盐激酶活性,并促进GAOs的代谢,使聚磷合成和水解量减少,从而降低系统的除磷性能.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响

在2个序批式反应器(R1、R2)中,以合成废水为对象,研究了不同pH值(R1:pH 8±0.2; R2:pH 7±0.2)对单级好氧生物除磷的影响;并通过比较周期中主要储能物质的变化,探讨了产生不同除磷效果的原因.结果表明,R1与R2均具有较高除磷性能, R1与R2中的平均去除率分别为94.9%,83.5%,pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷有一定的影响.导致R1具有较高除磷性能的原因是其对聚磷的依赖程度更大.好氧段R1糖原积累量低于R2(R1为1.42mmol/g, R2为1.55mmol/g),但降解量却高于R2(分别为1.41,1.19mmol/g);静置期,R1中糖原无明显变化,R2中则观察到明显的糖原降解.R1与R2均有明显的释磷现象, R1释磷量高于R2(释磷量分别为9.65,7.33mg/L).整个周期中,R1中PHA 无明显变化,而R2中则在好氧段有少量减少,静置期有少量上升.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

Al3+对序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)和胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响

通过向序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中投加氯化铝,研究了化学协同生物除磷过程中Al~(3+)对污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)对微生物的活性有促进作用,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)对其活性有明显的抑制作用.氯化铝投加量少于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)时,Al~(3+)能够促进EPS中多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)的分泌,多于0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的Al~(3+)则只促进多糖的分泌,但对EPS的分泌总量没有影响.Al~(3+)会使污泥的SVI值显著降低,大大改善其沉降性能.MLSS、MLVSS基本上是随着Al~(3+)投加量的增加而增大,MLVSS/MLSS随着投药量的增加先减小后增大再减小.Al~(3+)对COD和TN的去除具有轻微抑制作用,但对TP的去除具有显著的改善作用.当Al~(3+)的投加为0.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,TP的去除效果最好,出水浓度仅为0.44 mg·L~(-1),满足一级A排放标准.此时,TP的去除率为92.7%,比不加药时提升了10.2%.     

生物膜反应器-单宁酸铁处理低C/N废水的脱氮性能

采用生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁处理低C/N比废水,考察其脱氮性能,分析了生物脱氮过程功能菌群的变化,以及单宁酸铁强化脱氮的作用机制.结果表明,生物膜反应器耦合包埋型单宁酸铁,具有低C/N比废水高效脱氮性能.进水C/N比为1：2.7时,TN平均去除率可达80.0%,TN平均去除负荷为1.38kg/（m³·d）.生物膜反应器内随着进水C/N比降低,优势脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化过程向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化（SNAD）过程转变,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率逐渐升高至76.2%,亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群成为优势生物脱氮功能菌群.包埋型单宁酸铁在生化处理后,通过吸附-催化氨氧化作用同步去除氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮,进一步提高TN去除性能.因此,耦合单宁酸铁强化生物膜反应器SNAD脱氮过程,是实现低C/N比废水高效脱氮新的有效途径.     

投加FeSO4对序批式生物膜反应器中DHA、EPS和处理效果的影响

针对化学协同生物除磷过程,研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中FeSO_4对悬浮相活性污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,少量FeSO_4对DHA和EPS的分泌具有促进作用,但最佳投加量不一致,分别为0.10 mmol·L-1和0.20 mmol·L-1;大量的FeSO_4则会引发抑制.FeSO_4投加量少于0.30 mmol·L-1时会使污泥MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS增加,超过0.30 mmol·L-1时则使MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS下降,但MLSS和SVI随着FeSO_4投加量的增加分别持续增加和下降.FeSO_4对COD和TN的去除具有抑制作用,但并不显著,去除率分别在77%和72%左右;TP的去除效果明显改善,在投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1时效果最好.投加FeSO_4协同生物除磷时建议最佳投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1,此时污泥DHA被轻微抑制,但污泥浓度、EPS、TP去除率均已达到最大,出水水质满足一级A排放标准.     

不同曝气量对SBBR短程硝化微生物特性及氮转化的影响

在实验室规模的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中研究了不同曝气量(7.2、12.0、15.6L·h-1,对应反应器中平均溶解氧浓度分别为0.5、0.8、1.2mg·L-1)下生物膜的生物特性变化及短程硝化过程规律.结果表明:减小曝气量使反应器内溶解氧浓度降低,将导致生物膜的总生物量下降,生物膜中氨氧化菌逐渐成为优势菌,无论数量还是生物活性均高于亚硝酸氧化菌,利于亚硝酸盐积累;在一个反应周期中,生物膜对溶解氧需求的分配是不同的,曝气初期溶解氧主要用于异氧菌对COD的降解,其后用于氨氮转化.根据上述规律,提出在短程硝化过程中采用"梯级递减式曝气"供氧新策略,即在反应初期保持一种较大的曝气量,提高反应器溶解氧浓度,促进COD快速降解,随后保持一种小曝气量使反应器中溶解氧维持较低的浓度,从而促进亚硝酸盐积累及优化供氧效率.     

膜曝气生物膜反应器研究进展

膜曝气生物膜反应器(MABR)是一种新颖的膜-生物处理组合工艺.在MABR中,曝气膜既提供曝气又兼做生物膜生长的载体.气相(曝气膜内腔)中的氧是通过膜/生物膜的界面扩散进入生物膜内,而液相(废水)中的底物是从生物膜/液相界面上进人生物膜.MABR突出特征是无泡曝气以及氧和底物的异向传质导致的生物膜功能活性层化,对高需氧...     

不同乙酸钠/甘油比对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以甘油和生活污水中常见的乙酸钠作为碳源,建立了5个好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器(乙酸钠/甘油比分别为1∶0、4∶1、1∶1、1∶4和0∶1),考察了各反应器长期运行过程中的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,初步探究不同乙酸钠/甘油比对除磷性能的影响机理.研究表明,当乙酸钠/甘油比由1∶0逐渐降至4∶1和1∶1时,平均除磷率由90.1%升至92.5%、97.3%.乙酸钠/甘油比继续降至1∶4及0∶1时,系统除磷率降至65.7%、53.4%.当乙酸钠/甘油比为1∶1时,聚磷菌体内合成大量聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)(2.55 mmol·g-1,以每g VSS积累的C(mmol)计,下同),为后续磷的吸收及聚磷合成提供更多的能量,而以甘油作为单一碳源时,PHAs合成量最少(0.82 mmol·g-1),糖原合成量最大(2.56 mmol·g-1,以每g VSS积累的C(mmol)计).     

Performance of the hybrid growth sequencing batch reactor (HG-SBR) for biodegradation of phenol under various toxicity conditions

Hybrid growth microorganisms in sequencing batch reactors have proven effective for treating the toxic compound phenol, but the toxicity effect under different toxicity conditions has rarely been discussed. Therefore, the performance of the HG-SBR under toxic, acute and chronic organic loading can provide the overall operating conditions of the system. Toxic organic loading(TOL) was monitored during the first 7 hr while introducing50 mg/L phenol to the system. The system was adversely affected with the sudden introduction of phenol to the virgin activated sludge, which caused a low degradation rate and high dissolved oxygen consumption during TOL. Acute organic loading(AOL) had significant effects at high phenol concentrations(600, 800 1000 mg/L). The specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) gradually decreased to 4.9 mg O_2/(g MLVSS·hr) at 1000 mg/L of phenol compared to 12.74 mg O_2/(g MLVSS·hr) for 200 mg/L of phenol. The HG-SBR was further monitored during chronic organic loading(COL) over 67 days. The effects of organic loading were more apparent at 800 mg/L and 1000 mg/L phenol concentrations, as the removal range was between 22%–30% and 18%–46% respectively, which indicated the severe effects of COL.