铝-锂合金垂直半连铸凝固过程温度场模拟

在阐述Al-Li合金熔铸特点基础上讨论了该合金垂直半连铸凝固过程温度场模拟问题.讨论时.把问题当作非稳态,并考虑结晶潜热.用交替隐式差分法计算了不同熔铸工艺条件下的温度场.对计算结果作了分析.讨论并和实验结果作了对比,指出了熔铸工艺条件对温度场的影响.     

Numerical simulation of thermal stress in cast billets made of AZ31 magnesium alloy during direct-chill casting

A comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model based on the ANSYS software has been developed for the computation of the thermomechanical state of the solidifying strand during direct-chill (DC) casting of abnormity ingots and during subsequent cooling. Stress and the strain formation mechanism had been studied. The boundary and initial conditions used for primary and secondary cooling were based on the heat transfer during the solidification of the billet. The effects of casting parameters on the distribution of temperature and stress were researched, which helped to optimize the casting parameters (casting speed, pouring temperature, length of crystallizer, and so on). The simulation results of thermal stress and strain field gave a better understanding of the formation mechanism of some casting defects, which was very useful for optimizing casting parameters and obtaining high-quality billets.     

Scale-up modeling of the twin roll casting process for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In the present study, a 2-D finite-element method (FEM) thermal-fluid-stress model has been developed and validated for the twin roll casting (TRC) of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The model was then used to quantify how the thermo-mechanical history experienced by the strip during TRC would change as the equipment was scaled up from a laboratory size (roll diameter = 355 mm) to a pilot scale (roll diameter = 600 mm) and to an industrial scale (roll diameter = 1150 mm) machine. The model predictions showed that the thermal history and solidification cooling rate experienced by the strip are not affected significantly by caster scale-up. However, the mechanical history experienced by the strip did change remarkably depending on the roll diameters. Casting with bigger rolls led to the development of higher stress levels at the strip surface. The roll separating force/mm width of strip was also predicted to increase significantly when the TRC was scaled to larger sizes. Using the model predicted results, the effect of both casting speed and roll diameter was integrated into an empirical equation to predict the exit temperature and the roll separating force for AZ31. Using this approach, a TRC process map was generated for AZ31 which included roll diameter and casting speed.     

Analysis of machined surface quality in a single-pass of ball-end milling on Inconel 718

The ball-end milling process is widely used for generating three-dimensional sculptured surfaces with definite curvature. In such cases, variation of surface properties along the machined surface curvatures is not well understood. Therefore, this paper reports the effect of machining parameters on the quality of surface obtained in a single-pass of a ball-end milling cutter with varying chip cross-sectional area. This situation is analogous to generation of free form cavities, pockets, and round fillets on mould surfaces. The machined surfaces show formation of distinct bands as a function of instantaneous machining parameters along the periphery of cutting tool edge, chip compression and instantaneous shear angle. A distinct variation is also observed in the measured values of surface roughness and micro-hardness in these regions. The maximum surface roughness is observed near the tool tip region on the machined surface. The minimum surface roughness is obtained in the stable cutting zone and it increases towards the periphery of the cutter. Similar segmentation was observed on the deformed chips, which could be correlated with the width of bands on the machined surfaces. The sub-surface quality analysis in terms of micro-hardness helped define machining affected zone (MAZ). The parametric effects on the machining induced shear and residual stresses have also been evaluated.     

天然气管路导气球阀失效分析

目的分析西部某气田天然气管路球阀发生开裂泄漏事故的原因。方法对球阀的化学成分、断口、金相组织等进行检测分析。结果球阀裂纹起源于阀体内表面,裂纹沿晶界扩展,晶界未发现贫铬现象,不存在晶间腐蚀;阀体材料存在沿晶铸造缺陷和枝晶露头,水淬激冷过程中形成沿晶微裂纹,承压状态下裂纹沿晶扩展;球阀螺纹根部最薄且应力集中,裂纹由内向外扩展,最终沿螺纹根部环向断裂,断口形貌为沿晶断裂。结论导气球阀失效原因是螺纹根部存在应力集中和铸造阀体存在缺陷。在两者共同作用下,导致阀体承压状态下沿晶脆性断裂。     

CTMAB-蒙脱石-细菌复合体对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附

研究了CTMAB-蒙脱石-恶臭假单胞菌复合体吸附Pb2+的物理化学特性,考察了时间Pb2+浓度、pH、温度对吸附的影响,结合FTIR探讨了其作用机理。结果表明,CTMAB-蒙脱石、细菌及其复合体对Pb2+的吸附是一个先快后慢的过程,90min时可基本达到平衡。Pb2+在细菌表面的吸附动力学以Elovich方程为最佳模型,其次为一级动力学方程。改性矿物-细菌复合体和CTMAB-蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附均以一级动力学方程为最佳模型。Langmuir方程能很好地描述三种表面对Pb2+的吸附热力学。随着体系pH值和温度的升高,CTMAB-蒙脱石、细菌及其复合体对Pb2+的吸附率均逐渐升高。与CTMAB-蒙脱石相比较,EDTA对复合体表面Pb2+的解吸率较大,而去离子水和NH4Cl对Pb2+的解吸率较小。复合体与Pb2+之间可能存在络合、静电力和离子交换等作用力。     

铸件凝固过程组织计算机模拟研究动态

介绍了铸件凝固组织模拟的3种方法,并对利用各种数值方法所取得的计算机模拟结果进行了评述.重点介绍了各模型的形核和生长的数学模型,同时也分析了这些数学模型所存在的问题.展望了铸件凝固组织模拟的发展方向.     

Effects of Zn-In-Sn elements on the electric properties of magnesium alloy anode materials

A new magnesium alloy anode is based on an environmentally friendly electrode that contains none of mercury, lead and chromate, but it can enhance the electric properties of alloy significantly. Magnesium alloy adding eco-friendly elements Zn-In-Sn which was developed by orthogonal design were obtained by two casting methods. The effect of additive elements on performance of electrode material was studied. The effects of elements addition and casting method on electric properties and corrosive properties of Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloys were investigated by using electrochemical measurements, corrosive tests and observation of surface structure. The results show that Mg-Zn-In-Sn alloy anode has higher electromotive force and more stable work potential than that commercial magnesium alloy AZ91. It is suitable for anode material of magnesium battery for its small hydrogen evolution, less self-corrosion rate and easy to shed corrosive offspring off.     

超疏水表面在提高镁合金耐蚀性能上的研究进展

总结和讨论了超疏水表面提高镁合金耐蚀性能的制备方法。采用电化学测试方法研究了超疏水表面的抗腐蚀行为。总结了在镁合金上制备抗腐蚀性超疏水表面的最新进展,提出了超疏水表面提高镁合金耐蚀性能的机理。镁合金上制备超疏水表面的方法较多,但是能进行大规模生产的较少,且制备的超疏水表面耐久性、机械稳定性较差。     

A simple mathematical model for rime and glaze-ice accretion due to freezing rain on a horizontal plane surface

A mathematical model, which simualates rime and glaze-ice accretion due to freezing rain on a horizontal plane surface, is described. The thermal transients within the accreted ice are governed by local surface heat and mass transfer balances for the impacting supercooled droplets. The evolution of the rime and glaze-ice surfaces are formulated in terms of moving boundary and Stefan-type problems, respectively. During glaze accretion, the flow of unfrozen water (run-back water) is modelled in the context of the thin liquid film approximation.Analytical solutions are obtained and, in particular, the mathematical structure of the transition from rime to glaze accretion is examined, using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Illustrative results are given for horizontal plane surfaces having circular and square cross-section.     

LY12CZ铝合金飞机内外部结构涂层日历有效性试验研究

基于外部和内部涂层加速试验环境谱,分别对某型飞机的LY12CZ铝合金内、外部结构涂层进行加速老化试验,统计分析了两种涂层腐蚀老化表面形貌,得到了光泽度和色差随加速腐蚀时间的变化规律,并对涂层的有效性进行了综合评定。试验结果表明,LY12CZ铝合金外部结构涂层的有效期为12 a,内部结构涂层的有效期为10 a,轻微划痕对外部结构涂层的日历有效性影响不大,而对内部结构涂层有一定影响。     

Smooth surface fabrication in mask projection based stereolithography

The surface finish is critical for applications such as optics, micro-fluid flow and mechanical assembly, in which optical lenses, fluidic channels and rotating components are all required to be smooth. However, the stair-stepping effect is well known in the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, in which a three-dimensional model is approximated by a set of two-dimensional layers. Consequently the fabricated surfaces have poor surface finishes especially those that are close to the horizontal plane. In this paper, a novel approach for achieving improved surface finish is presented for the mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process. Theoretical models and parameter characterization are presented for the developed methods. Accordingly, the process planning and calibration approaches for fabricating smooth up-facing surfaces in the MIP-SL process have been developed. Multiple test cases based on various types of curved surfaces have been performed. A comparison of the build results based on the traditional and the newly developed approaches illustrates the effectiveness of our method.     

不同港口海域铝合金腐蚀行为研究

目的获得1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同港口海域的腐蚀规律。方法采用实海试验方法获得材料表面的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀速率,并利用腐蚀图像处理技术分析海生物覆盖状态。结果不同海域铝合金试样表面附着海生物种类不同,青岛海域试样表面主要附着牡蛎,舟山海域试样主要附着藤壶和海藻,三亚海域主要附着藤壶和牡蛎。1060铝合金和5083铝合金在不同海域海水中以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,海生物附着对铝合金腐蚀有明显影响,较严重的腐蚀点出现在牡蛎或藤壶下面及边缘。三海域中两种铝合金在舟山海域的腐蚀速率最大,三亚海域次之,青岛海域最小。不同海域铝合金试样表面海生物覆盖面积不同,三亚海域试样表面海生物覆盖面积百分比最大,青岛海域次之,舟山海域最小。结论由于海水环境不同,青岛、舟山及三亚海域铝合金试样表面海生物种类以及海生物覆盖面积明显不同,海生物的附着在一定程度上减缓了铝合金的腐蚀,另外也使得铝合金更易产生缝隙腐蚀和点蚀。     

载铁活性炭对水中草甘膦吸附性能研究

通过浸渍-焙烧法制备载铁活性炭,并用SEM电镜分析了载铁活性炭表面形态,研究了载铁活性炭(Fe-AC)对草甘膦溶液的吸附等温线和吸附动力学,并分析了各种影响因素对载铁活性炭吸附性能的影响.实验表明,Freundlich方程可以对Fe-AC草甘膦吸附等温线进行很好拟合,最大吸附量约为5.8mmol/g;其吸附动力学过程用Lagergren方程拟合,吸附速率常数在0.088min-1左右,且随着温度的升高逐渐减小.根据Kannan & Sundaram颗粒内扩散模型拟合,颗粒内扩散速率常数kp大于10mg·min-1/2/g,并随着起始温度的升高而减小.由于草甘膦的存在形态和Fe-AC材料表面性质的变化,AC-Fe对草甘膦的吸附能力随水溶液的pH升高而降低.NaCl的存在产生拮抗效应使得Fe-AC对草甘膦的吸附容量大大下降,随着NaCl浓度增加至4g/L后,盐析效应开始占主导地位,使得Fe-AC的吸附容量略有增加;由于草甘膦分子的空间位阻效应和亚磷酸根与载铁活性炭表面形成较强的络合物,使得随亚磷酸根浓度的升高Fe-AC对草甘膦的吸附量持续下降.     

固定化细胞单级生物脱氮动力学模型研究

以PVA为载体 ,采用冷冻 解冻法混合固定硝化菌和反硝化菌 ,在鼓泡床中研究了固定化细胞单级生物脱氮的动力学。结果表明 :在固定化细胞单级生物脱氮过程中 ,内扩散对反应的影响非常小 ,脱氮速率受化学反应控制。反应的动力学可以用Monod方程来表示 ,其动力学常数Ks 和vmax分别为 30 3 0mg L和 0 0 96mg L·s。用模型计算的脱氮速率与实测值非常接近     

加入椰丝纤维对灰渣基地聚合物-土壤固化体失水开裂情况的改善

针对地聚合物固化重金属污染土壤过程中因水分散失带来的最终形态韧性差、脆性大等问题,探究在灰渣基地聚合物-土壤固化体中添加椰丝纤维改善其失水收缩/开裂情况的可行性。通过模拟春夏交替阶段雨水频繁、夏季连续高温下土壤表面干燥开裂变化趋势,对比有无重金属污染下固化体收缩及开裂情况,探究纤维对固化体的力学强化效果。结果表明：受到重金属侵蚀的土壤失水速度高于原状土9.0%,且在25 d试样中其开裂因子相较原状土提高12.9%,收缩率提高34.6%。通过地聚合物进行固化的土壤抗裂性能得到提升,在连续干燥试验中掺入纤维进行优化的地聚合物固化体开裂因子进一步降低,收缩率降低71.3%,开裂因子仅为原状土的4.9%～5.1%。干湿循环条件下,纤维的掺入促使主裂缝消失,四轮干湿循环后最小开裂因子仅为0.0015,地聚合物-椰丝纤维复合改良污染土壤具有较好的抵抗开裂效果。     

Magnetic pulse welding: Interface of Al/Cu joint and investigation of intermetallic formation effect on the weld features

This paper attempts to highlight emerging issues when joining dissimilar metal pairs by magnetic pulse welding. For this purpose, joint of Al/Cu and Al/Al welded with the same parameters are compared. Al/Cu combination involves a formation of an interfacial intermetallic phase whereas Al/Al joint is bonded by metal continuity at the interface. The intermetallic is found to be amorphous, nanoporous, and damaged by a multi-directional cracks. The formation of such features is respectively explained by a melting confined at the interface followed by high rate cooling, cavitation phenomenon and solidification shrinkage. Mechanical characterizations of the Al/Cu joint show brittle fracture at the interface with fragmentation of the [0] intermetallics (glass type rupture). The intermetallic defects such as pores and cracks strongly reduce the breaking load level when compared to the Al/Al case. On the other hand, the Al/Al joint shows ductile fracture with plastic deformation of the interface.     

提高铝合金压铸模使用寿命的探讨

对影响铝合金压铸模使用寿命的诸多因素 ,如压铸件结构、形状、模具设计、模具材料及加工工艺、模具的正确使用和管理等方面进行了分析和总结 ,阐述了热处理方法对铝合金压铸模使用寿命的重要性 ,探索出了提高模具质量、延长模具使用寿命的途径。     

水布垭大坝坝址左岸岩溶化地层三维计算机模拟

详尽地阐述了由多个椭球洞体生成复杂溶蚀孔洞的原理、三维随机洞体的数学模型以及确定性洞体的数学描述和计算机显示方法,为岩溶化岩体的溶蚀率和渗透特性的研究提供了计算机模拟手段。根据野外现场调查资料、平面地质图、灌浆帷幕剖面图,提取了水布垭大坝坝址左岸岩溶化地层的有关数据,得到了岩溶化地层的三维地质图和沿灌浆帷幕线的剖面图。     

基于COHERENS模型的污染物质输运数值模拟

以COHERENS模型为基础,建立了长江下游感潮河段三维水流及污染物质输运数学模型,该模型通过σ坐标变换,使整个水域垂直方向可采用相同的分层。基于模态分裂法,将三维流动分成表面重力波(外模式)和内重力波(内模式);模型求解技术上采用算子分裂法,使用了superbee限制器TVD格式,减小非物理的数值虚拟震荡。选取长江常熟段为例,模型较好的模拟了感潮河段三维流场及污染带分布特征。该成果对感潮地区污染物输运规律及水污染控制具有指导意义。