Application of CGP-cross route process for microstructure refinement and mechanical properties improvement in steel sheets

A modified method of severe plastic deformation (SPD) entitled constrained groove pressing-cross route (CGP-CR) was introduced for imposing a high magnitude of equivalent strain of about 2.32 per pass on the sheet form samples. The major benefit of this improved route compared to previous common route was the more homogeneity of strain in the rolling (RD) and transverse (TD) directions of sheets. In this study, low carbon steel samples were used for examination of evolutions in microstructure and mechanical properties during SPD via CGP-CR process. Mechanical properties improvement were measured by tensile and macro hardness tests. The results indicate that CGP-CR process can effectively improve tensile strength; and also, yield stress and hardness of as-received low carbon steel samples were improved up to about 100% after two deformation passes. Also, high magnitude of inhomogeneity can be observed in hardness distribution through first pass of the process which diminishes in the subsequent passes. Microstructural evolutions during process were monitored by optical microscopy observations and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results demonstrate that initial ferritic microstructure with grain size of about 30 μm was refined to a 225 nm cell structure after two passes of CGP-CR process.     

Investigation on the changes effected by tool profile on mechanical and tribological properties of friction stir processed AZ31B magnesium alloy

The present study investigates the effect of tool shoulder profile on the mechanical and tribological properties of friction stir processed AZ31B magnesium alloy. The tool rotational speed and feed rate are the chosen process parameters. The experiments were conducted with 3 level 2 factors full factorial design. The recorded responses were tensile strength, wear losses and corrosion rate. The results were analyzed with the help microstructures of the processed samples. The study reveals that, for concave shoulder tool, the strain hardening effect was playing a major role in determining the properties of the processed materials and for the step shoulder tool, the grain size plays a major role in determining the properties of the processed materials.     

服役态Super304H耐热钢管显微组织演变及高温力学性能研究

目的 探究服役Super304H钢管外壁粗晶组织演变及其对高温力学性能的影响,为超超临界机组运行管理与安全评估提供技术支持。方法 针对不同服役时间的Super304H耐热钢管,开展显微组织演变及650 ℃高温拉伸力学性能研究,着重探讨钢管外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大、第二相析出长大及其对钢管高温力学性能的影响规律。结果 服役态Super304H钢管中的第二相以富铜相、MX相及M23C6相为主,其外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大,形成粗晶区,而靠近内壁钢管中的奥氏体晶粒长大不明显,为细晶区。相对于细晶区,粗晶区奥氏体晶界及晶内析出更多的第二相,尺寸更大,弥散度降低,导致粗晶区高温拉伸性能显著降低。结论 长期高温运行的Super304H耐热钢管应加强监督,消除因外壁奥氏体晶粒异常长大而带来的胀管等安全隐患。     

热变形参数对LD7铝合金显微组织的影响

在Gleeble 15 0 0热模拟试验机上对LD7铝合金试样在变形程度为 6 0 %、变形温度为36 0～ 4 80℃、变形速率为 0 .0 1～ 1s-1的条件下进行等温压缩试验 ,然后对其进行固溶处理。分析热变形参数对合金固溶后显微组织的影响 ,可以得到如下结论 :LD7铝合金的晶粒尺寸随温度的升高而增大 ,随变形程度的增大而减小 ,随变形速率的增大而减小     

External force-assisted laser forming process for gaining high bending angles

Laser forming process is used in forming and bending of metallic and non-metallic sheets. Laser beam irradiation causes a localized temperature increase and a localized mechanical strength decrease. In this article, an external mechanical force is added to a laser beam irradiation, which is called external force-assisted laser forming process, to gain a 90-degree bending angle. Furthermore, Numerical simulation of the process is performed to achieve a good understanding of the process. Simulation results show that more than two-third of the final forming is due to the laser beam irradiation. Equivalent plastic strain values during laser forming and external force-assisted laser forming processes are compared. Results show that equivalent plastic strain in laser forming process increases in a step pattern, with increasing in scan pass numbers. This occurs because when the laser beam irradiates on the sheet surface, it reduces the yield strength of the sheet. Equivalent plastic strain in external force-assisted laser forming process has an oscillatory step nature. This attributes to simultaneous effects of strain hardening and thermal induced reduction of yield strength of the sheet. Simulations were in good accordance with experiments.     

表面纳米化对锆合金微动腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究N36锆合金表面纳米化层的形貌和微观结构,分析表面纳米化层的微动腐蚀机理。方法 采用超声表面滚压技术(USRP)对锆合金进行表面纳米化处理,研究不同滚压速度对表面纳米化层形貌、相组成、粗糙度、显微硬度、电化学腐蚀和微动腐蚀行为的影响。结果 USRP处理后,锆合金表面有明显的塑性变形痕迹,致使锆合金表面发生加工硬化,提高了表面的硬度。锆合金的腐蚀电流密度相较于基体更低,最大磨损深度和磨损率均低于基体。结论 USRP处理后的锆合金晶粒细化、晶界增多,提高了锆合金的表面活性,有利于钝化膜的形成。锆合金的磨损机理为氧化磨损和磨粒磨损的共同作用。     

Influence of displacement constraints in thermomechanical analysis of laser micro-spot welding process

The evolution of mechanical components into smaller size generating a need for microwelding of these components using laser which offers better control as compared to arc and plasma processing. The present article describes the numerical simulation of laser micro-spot welding using finite element method. A two dimensional Gaussian distributed surface heat flux as a function of time is used to perform a sequentially coupled thermal and mechanical analysis. The model is used for simulating laser micro-spot welding of stainless steel sheet under different power conditions and configurations of mechanical constraints. The temperature dependent physical properties of SS304 have been considered for the simulation and an isotropic strain hardening model has been used. The simulated weld bead dimensions have been compared with experimental results and temperature profiles have been calculated. The maximum deformation of 0.02 mm is obtained with maximum laser power of 75 W. The thermal stress is more inducing factor to temperature induced residual stresses and plastic strain as compared to mechanical constraints. The plastic strain changes significantly by displacement constraints as compared to residual stress.     

硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件电偶腐蚀的防护作用研究

目的 研究YTF-3硬膜缓蚀剂对由TC4螺栓、不锈钢螺母、7050铝合金及TC4钛合金夹层板组成的组件电偶腐蚀的影响作用。方法 利用硬膜缓蚀剂对钛合金紧固件和夹层板进行整体腐蚀防护处理,并通过盐雾加速腐蚀试验。将齿轮槽螺栓与无耳托板自锁螺母安装连接后,进行自然环境加速腐蚀试验,腐蚀后对螺栓螺母以及夹层板的腐蚀情况进行拍照检查,采用图像处理方式对腐蚀情况进行评价,并通过室温拉伸试验对钛合金螺栓腐蚀前后的力学性能情况进行对比分析。结果 经过腐蚀试验后,TC4螺栓和铝合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域比未刷涂缓蚀剂区域的平均腐蚀面积要小。不锈钢螺母与TC4钛合金组件刷涂缓蚀剂区域出现明显褶皱和破损现象。对比了试验前后钛合金螺栓的最大拉断载荷,发现降幅仅为0.5%。结论 铝合金夹层板会遭受电偶腐蚀,而YTF-3缓蚀剂可以有效隔绝腐蚀介质渗入固定间隙,大幅缓解电偶腐蚀,而钛合金螺栓在加速腐蚀试验中并未发生明显的腐蚀,并且力学性能无明显改变。     

Finite element modeling of microstructural changes in turning of AA7075-T651 Alloy

The surface characteristics of a machined product strongly influence its functional performance. During machining, the grain size of the surface is frequently modified, thus the properties of the machined surface are different to that of the original bulk material. These changes must be taken into account when modeling the surface integrity effects resulting from machining. In the present work, grain size changes induced during turning of AA7075-T651 (160 HV) alloy are modeled using the Finite Element (FE) method and a user subroutine is implemented in the FE code to describe the microstructural change and to simulate the dynamic recrystallization, with the consequent formation of new grains. In particular, a procedure utilizing the Zener–Hollomon and Hall–Petch equations is implemented in the user subroutine to predict the evolution of the material grain size and the surface hardness when varying the cutting speeds (180–720 m/min) and tool nose radii (0.4–1.2 mm). All simulations were performed for dry cutting conditions using uncoated carbide tools. The effectiveness of the proposed FE model was demonstrated through its capability to predict grain size evolution and hardness modification from the bulk material to machined surface. The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with those experimentally observed.     

摩托车离合器压套的冲压工艺与模具设计

通过对压套零件的冲压工艺分析,省去外缘修边工序。外缘翻边时,利用板料的塑性平面各向异性在拉深件凸缘处产生的凸耳,翻边后形成图纸要求的凸、凹R50mm的外形尺寸,成功地用四套模具生产出摩托车离合器压套零件,降低了模具成本,提高了材料利用率。     

Dimpling process in cold roll metal forming by finite element modelling and experimental validation

The dimpling process is a novel cold-roll forming process that involves dimpling of a rolled flat strip prior to the roll forming operation. This is a process undertaken to enhance the material properties and subsequent products’ structural performance while maintaining a minimum strip thickness. In order to understand the complex and interrelated nonlinear changes in contact, geometry and material properties that occur in the process, it is necessary to accurately simulate the process and validate through physical tests. In this paper, 3D non-linear finite element analysis was employed to simulate the dimpling process and mechanical testing of the subsequent dimpled sheets, in which the dimple geometry and material properties data were directly transferred from the dimpling process. Physical measurements, tensile and bending tests on dimpled sheet steel were conducted to evaluate the simulation results. Simulation of the dimpling process identified the amount of non-uniform plastic strain introduced and the manner in which this was distributed through the sheet. The plastic strain resulted in strain hardening which could correlate to the increase in the strength of the dimpled steel when compared to plain steel originating from the same coil material. A parametric study revealed that the amount of plastic strain depends upon on the process parameters such as friction and overlapping gap between the two forming rolls. The results derived from simulations of the tensile and bending tests were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The validation indicates that the finite element analysis was able to successfully simulate the dimpling process and mechanical properties of the subsequent dimpled steel products.     

玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板氙灯老化性能研究

目的研究氙灯环境对玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板性能的影响。方法通过研究玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板在氙灯老化后的力学性能、基体红外光谱、铝合金表面形貌及元素变化,分析层合板的氙灯老化机理。结果随氙灯老化时间的延长,树脂基体老化降解程度越高,树脂与纤维、铝合金的界面强度下降,使材料拉伸及弯曲性能降低,拉伸强度受老化影响最为显著的是正交结构层合板,老化84 d后强度降低13.7%,正交结构0°方向层合板的弯曲强度受氙灯老化影响降低4.6%,其他试样的弯曲强度降幅均低于5%,氙灯老化后的铝合金层表面的微凹坑数量及尺寸无明显变化,但凹坑氧元素随老化周期延长略微增加。结论氙灯环境主要影响玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板中的复合材料层及各界面,树脂基体的降解导致力学性能的衰退,而对于铝合金的影响并不明显。     

Electrochemical performance of magnesium alloy and its application on the sea water battery

The magnesium sea water battery belongs to a kind of reserved battery, which takes the active metal such as magnesium alloy as the anode based on the sea water as the electrolyte. Experiments of magnesium alloy sea water battery were carried out and its electrochemical performance was studied. Thin sheets of Mg-Al-Zn and Mg-Mn series of magnesium alloy were fabricated and used as the anode of magnesium battery. The discharging voltage and current were measured for different composition and thickness of Mg alloy sheet under various surface state, temperature as well as electrolyte. The effect of the temperature, the surface condition and the electrolyte to the electrical current and voltage were investigated. Anodic dissolution and mechanism of activation of Mg alloy anode were discussed based on surface microstructure observation. The feasibility to apply magnesium alloy sheet to highly effective sea water battery was verified.     

2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板疲劳特性及失效机理

目的 研究2024-T3铝合金单搭接化铣板的疲劳性能及失效形式。方法 采用步进法对化铣板搭接件进行疲劳试验,运用奈尔检验法对疲劳强度进行数据处理,运用扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析对典型疲劳断口进行观察和成分分析,对比基板厚度和铆钉孔径对化铣板搭接件疲劳强度的影响,分析并探讨2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式及机理。结果 基板厚度对2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度影响较大,而铆钉孔径影响较小。随着基板厚度的增加,化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度呈现出降低的趋势,对2种铆钉孔径（3、4 mm）,厚度为1.8 mm化铣板搭接件的疲劳强度较厚度为0.6 mm的试样分别降低了13.2%和13.0%。基板厚度增加使铝合金化铣板搭接件的疲劳失效形式从上基板铆钉头部失效变为下基板纽扣处失效,并最终表现为铆钉断裂失效。结论 随着基板厚度增加,搭接件微动磨损加剧,加速了疲劳裂纹萌生,这是造成2024-T3铝合金化铣板搭接件疲劳强度显著降低的主要原因。     

航空铝合金点蚀行为微观结构影响因素分析

目的为进一步深入理解铝合金点蚀行为提供理论支持,确定影响铝合金点蚀行为的微观结构因素。方法将铝合金材料于服役环境的点蚀行为视为受众多因素影响的随机过程,基于点蚀电化学腐蚀机理和常体积扩展模型,对影响铝合金点蚀行为因素进行定性和统计分析。结果从铝合金点蚀扩展模型可以看出,影响铝合金点蚀的微观结构因素包括铝合金材料微观组成粒子的尺寸、粒子密度以及微观组成粒子元素的类型。结论铝合金微观粒子尺寸和粒子密度都具有统计特性,可以采用相关分布函数对其分布特性进行统计分析,Cu和Fe粒子对铝合金点蚀行为影响较大。     

Fe-C合金中辐照缺陷特征的剂量率效应计算模拟

目的尝试采用计算模拟方法探究剂量率对辐照微结构特征的影响,探究常温辐照下剂量率效应的机理。方法采用动力学蒙特卡罗(OKMC)方法,结合近些年第一性原理和分子动力学的计算参数,研究了常温下铁-碳体系中辐照缺陷随剂量率的变化特征。结果在较低的剂量范围(<0.01 dpa)内,间隙型位错环的密度随剂量率的增加而增加;但在较高的剂量范围内,高剂量率辐照呈现较低的间隙型位错环密度、较大的缺陷尺寸。通过比较不同剂量率下的位错线对点缺陷的吸收数目,把剂量率在不同剂量范围内的特征归结于位错吸收与缺陷复合之间的竞争。结论在较低的剂量范围内,位错吸收具有重要影响,随着剂量率的增加,位错吸收的缺陷数目显著减少;而在较高的剂量范围内,基体中间隙-空位缺陷的复合随剂量率的增加而显著增加,以至于高剂量率辐照可能产生较低的辐照硬化。文中的工作对理解剂量率效应的机理提供了一定的科学依据,为离子束模拟中子辐照提供了一定的科学参考。     

凸轮轴顶端断裂原因失效分析

目的研究发动机凸轮轴和螺栓的失效原因。方法在化学成分、硬度、金相组织、断口形貌等检测分析的基础上,研究凸轮轴和螺栓的失效行为,推断整个失效过程的起因件,并分析导致其失效的原因。结果凸轮轴金相组织、表面和心部硬度无明显异常,断口表面有明显的疲劳断裂特征,裂纹起源于凸轮轴的螺栓孔壁,此处为凸轮轴热处理过程中的感应淬火和非感应淬火的交界处。结论凸轮轴顶端螺栓孔在感应淬火过程中产生尖角效应,导致螺栓孔壁被淬透,材料脆性增加,在长期使用过程中导致凸轮轴顶端疲劳断裂,进而导致连接螺栓发生断裂。     

高镁铝合金在喷射成形过程中显微组织的变化

研究了高镁铝合金在喷射成形过程中显微组织的变化。沉积态高镁铝合金基体呈全部等轴晶组织并存在少量显微孔洞是沉积态组织的主要特征。分析了等轴晶组织和显微孔洞在喷射成形中生成的机制。     

金银合金纳米颗粒的可控合成及其光催化性能

以果糖为还原剂和表面活性剂,可控合成了平均粒径小于14.6nm的金银（Au-Ag）合金纳米颗粒.基于一步法,改变合成时间（1~8min）,Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的成分及其表面等离子共振（SPR）波长被连续调控.采用UV-Vis、EDX、ICP、XPS、TEM、HR-TEM和SAED等分析手段对Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒进行表征,发现制备的合金纳米颗粒具有均匀的成分和合金结构.由于Au、Ag两元素的协同作用,Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒在4-硝基苯酚的光催化降解反应中表现出了优异的光催化活性和稳定性.除了改变Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的添加量,光催化反应的动力学速率常数还可通过改变合金成分来线性调节.基于可控合成,动力学速率常数甚至可通过Au-Ag合金纳米颗粒的合成时间来线性调控.上述控制动力学速率常数的方法可为其他的光催化反应提供参考.     

直通型精细深拉深小件的统一研究--深拉深实验平台

根据直通型精细深拉深小件的工艺特点,提出并实现了一个深拉深实验平台,在这个基础上,推出了材料为430不锈钢、304不锈钢、1050(1060)合金铝、3003合金铝,且形状各异的大量深拉深件.