二板上市需要那些条件

经营年限:一段时间的营运记录对二板上市企业是必须的。作为潜在的投资者,可以通过分析公司过去的营运记录,来了解公司动作的规范程序、管理层的经营能力、公司所开发产品的动作状况与市场前景。内地市场要求上市企业的经营年限为3年以上,香港创业板的要求为1年,预计内地二板市场的要求可能为2年。 　　 盈利记录:内地主板要求企业上市前连续3年盈利,目的是希望上市公司有一定的营运基础。二板是以那些为了发展和扩充进行集资的公司为目标,它主要面向的是高新技术或个性突出的特色中小企业,注重的是企业的增长潜力和未来的盈利前景而非过去的和现在的财务基础,香港创业板对盈利没有要求,预计内地二板对上市企业可能仍有盈利要求,但期限会比主板短,估计要求上市前1年盈利的可能性较大。 　　 股本规模:尽管设立二板的目的是为中小企业服务,但显然太小的企业不适合上市,对二板上市企业的发起人在数量方面可不做限制,但对发起股本规模会有一定要求。内地主板的要求是不低于人民币3000万元,香港创业板的要求是不低于4610港币,《公司法》要求股份有限公司的最低注册资本为人民币1000万元。目前市场中普遍认为二板上市企业的股本总规模3000万元较为适宜,依据发起人股本一般占总股本不低于35%的标准,二板市场发起人股本规模的下限应为1000万元。……     

径向基函数网络模型在区域生态承载能力综合评价中的应用

径向基函数神经网络以其逼近能力、分类能力和学习速度等方面的优势,正受到越来越多学者的关注.本文尝试用MATLAB径向基函数网络工具进行区域生态承载能力的综合评价,给出了MATLAB6.5环境下径向基函数神经网络的结构、设计、仿真和图形结果的输出方法.作为实例,对盐城滨海湿地区域的生态承载能力进行了综合评价.结果表明,MATLAB径向基函数网络评价方法简单有效,既具有较强的分类功能,又具有较好的排序功能,评价结果可靠、适用性强,具有广阔的应用前景.     

基于AHP-模糊评价的炼化企业生产安全事故应急能力评估方法体系

为实现炼化企业生产安全事故应急能力的科学合理评估,将应急能力涉及的所有因素凝练划分为6个分项能力,给出了相应的评估要素,构建了炼化企业应急能力评估层次分析模型,通过数值求解,确定了各级指标的权重分布;在此基础上,基于模糊综合评价理论,建立了应急能力评估模型,将专家评估结果中模糊性的程度语言概念进行量化处理,实现了多因素多层次的评估问题从定性研判向定量分析的转换;同时提出了与评估模型相配套的专家遴选、评估方案和问题清单化梳理方法,形成了完善的炼化企业生产安全事故应急能力评估方法体系。以三家炼化企业作为试点企业,对应急能力模糊综合评价向量和评估分值进行求解确定,分析归纳存在的突出问题,并进行应急能力评价。研究成果可以为提升和完善应急管理水平提供一定的理论和实践依据。     

平衡计分卡在我国森工企业绩效评估中的引入

在"天保工程"背景下,如何设计合理的指标体系对森工企业进行科学评价将直接关系到森工企业的发展前景.现行国有资本金评价体系过分侧重于单一的财务指标考核,无法适应新形势下林业定位的转变,难以满足森工企业的战略发展需要.平衡计分卡的引入,为森工企业绩效评价提供了新的思路,既考虑了当前森工企业面临的特定环境,又能有效促进企业未来成长.借用平衡计分卡的思想,构建了森工企业绩效评价指标体系,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

基于模糊数学方法的土壤肥力综合评价及应用

模糊数学是一种研究和处理模糊现象的定量化分析方法,在各个领域具有广泛的应用价值.以GIS技术为基础,阐述了该方法在土壤肥力综合评价中的应用.以安庆市土壤样点数据为例,建立包括土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮等8项指标土壤肥力多指标评价模型,对安庆市范围的土壤肥力状况进行评价,分析土壤肥力空间分布.结果表明,模糊数学方法在土壤肥力综合指标评价中具有简便可行性.     

基于三维灰色关联度方法的大型煤炭企业转型能力评价研究

在中国转变经济发展方式的背景下,结合大型煤炭企业的转型任务与目标,对其转型能力结构进行分析,构建了主客观指标相结合的转型能力评价指标体系.采用三维灰色关联度方法,基于21家上市煤炭企业面板数据进行评价,发现大型煤炭企业转型能力不断提高,但整体水平欠佳,尤其是转型战略规划能力亟需提高,因此必须加强高管团队建设与学习,根据转型战略积极进行包括人才资源在内的资源储备,大力进行技术创新与管理创新.     

土地集约利用评价方法研究综述

基于土地利用类型和评价尺度,应用文献资料法和综合分析法,梳理了国内20世纪90年代以来土地集约利用评价研究,阐述了土地集约利用的内涵,着重探讨了各种评价方法针对不同用地类型和不同评价尺度的实践应用,归纳各种评价方法并进行对比分析,探讨未来土地节约集约利用评价方法的研究方向和发展趋势.     

中国环保企业竞争力评价指标体系研究及其实证应用

本研究在传统企业竞争力评价理论方法的基础上,结合环保产业发展特点,在评价体系内创新性地加入环保特色指标项,并通过层次分析法对指标权重的设定形成完整的评价指标体系。基于评价指标体系,本文以54家环保上市企业为例开展实证分析,有效验证了指标体系的合理性。结合各板块内企业竞争力分析结果,进一步开展中国环保子行业发展状况的研究,对环保行业整体及各子行业的发展特点和现状进行了深入解析。     

大气环境质量模糊积分评价新方法

本文提出了应用模糊积分进行大气环境质量综合评价的具体方法和步骤,并用这一方法进行大气环境质量评价,取得了令人满意的结果。该方法的优点是简便实用,评价结果可靠。     

模糊数学在矿山环境影响评价中的应用

环境质量是一个涉及多因素多层级的模糊概念,用经典数学进行环境质量评价,评判环境质量的等级只能用一个绝对判据来划分,无法处理模糊因素边界不清晰、中间过渡不分明的问题。本文应用模糊数学方法,在单环境因素模糊综合评价的基础上,进行了总体环境质量模糊综合评价的探讨,结合某区域环境实例,对其总体环境质量进行了模糊综合评价,并将评价结果与用经典数学评价结果进行了比较,比较表明,环境质量模糊评价方法较经典数学评价方法更客观更准确。     

The impact of commodity price risk management on the profits of a company

It is well recognized that for the producing companies hedging the commodity price using financial products like forwards or futures has become an important part of the company's production process. But apart from the direct impacts of hedging on the production and hedging costs the use of financial products affects the financing of the company: hedging the volatile commodity prices leads to a reduction of the risk premium the company has to pay for its debt capital, since hedging contributes to more confidence of the investors in the redemption of the debt. In this paper we therefore analyze this dependency of hedging and financing and derive optimal hedging extents for companies in different market situations based on a long-term model. By hedging the commodity price, companies can realize a surplus in profits. Thereby, the optimal hedging extent for a monopolist is often up to 100%, whereas for companies in a polypolistic market the optimum is always less than 100%. These results are illustrated by examples for a producing company.     

Diversification or specialization : The role of risk

The purpose of this article is to analyse the use of diversification and market specialization as corporate strategies by non-ferrous metal company managements as responses to adverse financial conditions. The analytical framework is provided by the financial theory of risk. Managements must deal with both company specific risk and market risk as they attempt to improve the profitability of their companies. Companies from the US copper industry are used as empirical examples. Deversification is a flexible but risky strategy. Specialization is a more restrictive strategy but it is less risky. The appropriate strategy to use depends on the particular situation of a company.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.     

基于主成分分析法的中国土地市场发育成熟度评价

构建了基于土地市场土地交易情况、土地金融情况、土地市场竞争情况和政府宏观调控的土地市场发育成熟度评价指标体系,并以2003-2007年31个省（市）的统计数据为基础,采用主成分分析法测算了我国东、中、西部三大区域土地市场的发育成熟度。研究结果表明,与经济发展相对应,我国土地市场发育程度也存在显著的区域梯度差异,东部土地市场发育成熟度远远高于中部和西部;三大地域内部省（市）之间土地市场发育程度也存在差异,西部地区尤为明显。     

Evaluating a small deposit next to an economically viable gold mine in West Africa from the points of view of the mining company,the government and the local community

This paper addresses the question of evaluating how much the different stakeholders stand to gain from a mining project. By carefully analysing the breakdown of the cash-flows generated, we were able to estimate the amounts received by the local community and by the national community (outside the mining area), the taxes and royalties received by the government and the profits made by the mining company. A real options framework was used to take account of the inherent uncertainty on the commodity price and the reserves, and the operating flexibility (that is, the possibility for the company to stop mining if the commodity price drops and/or the reserves prove to be lower than that had been envisaged). A synthetic case-study of a gold mine in West Africa was used to illustrate how this procedure could be applied in practice. By using the real option framework we were able to envisage scenarios for developing an extension to a deposit as a function of future values of the commodity price. The procedure proposed should provide governments and NGOs with more objective data for making policy decisions.     

公司能否担负起保护环境的社会责任与义务

简述了公司由计划经济向市场经济转轨和商品经济迅猛发展过程中,出现了将公共资源及环境被低效使用或滥用,从而导致环境的污染。在市场经济条件下,公司承担起应有的环境责任不仅是社会发展的需要,也是公司自身发展的需要。因此,必须自觉地担负起法律规定的环境义务和责任。     

International renegotiations: the case of the Dominican Republic and Falconbridge

In 1969, Falconbridge Ltd agreed to expand greatly the facilities operated by its subsidiary in the Dominican Republic. Over the succeeding years, the company mined, processed and exported a large proportion of the country's nickel reserves. Due to worldwide market conditions, however, the company made losses rather than profits, and the Dominican government received little financial benefit from the company's operations. Matters came to a head in November 1987 when President Balaguer of the Dominican Republic unilaterally imposed taxes on company imports and exports. This action was significant because under a long-standing agreement with the Dominican government, Falconbridge was only obligated to pay income taxes and had an exemption in perpetuity from all other taxes. When the company refused to pay the new taxes, the government began to curtail nickel exports. Meanwhile, on world markets, the price of nickel soared. This paper briefly describes how the world nickel market has evolved, and then focuses attention on the relationship between Falconbridge and the Dominican Republic. It outlines the issues that arose, describes the renegotiation process itself and analyses how matters were resolved.     

游客市场细分研究

了解游客需求是旅游产品规划、开发和市场营销的前提,把握客源市场的一个重要途径是进行市场细分。旅游企业针对不同的细分市场,采用不同的营销手段,提供相应的产品和服务,才能使游客拥有更好的旅游经历。根据四川省旅游游客的需求进行市场细分,采用聚类分析方法将游客市场分为6类:康乐型游客、享乐型游客、规矩型游客、消极型游客、商务型游客和求知型游客。在此基础上,分析了6类游客的人口特征及其市场营销的意义。     

上海市入境旅游市场发展潜力与旅游外汇收入的关系研究——基于灰色预测和灰色关联分析法

利用灰色预测法对上海市入境旅游11个国家和地区的赴沪旅游者人数和旅游外汇收入进行了预测,推断出上海市入境旅游市场中不同国家和地区的市场潜力;运用灰色关联分析法,探索不同市场潜力等级的入境旅游国家和地区与上海市旅游外汇收入间的关系.针对亚洲和欧美各国家或地区的实际情况,提出了针对性的对策和建议.     

An empirical analysis of green switching intentions in the airline industry

The purpose of this research is to gain an empirical understanding of airline passengers’ green switching intentions. A conceptual research model is used as a framework to examine the relationships among the experiential quality dimensions, green perceived value, green corporate image, green experiential satisfaction, green corporate reputation, green experiential loyalty and green switching intentions for the airline industry. The data used in this paper were based on a sample of 615 passengers who experienced the eco-friendly services of China Airlines, indicating that the proposed model fitted the data. The study's result will assist airline management to develop and implement market-orientated service strategies to increase the experiential quality dimensions, green perceived value, green corporate image, green experiential satisfaction, green corporate reputation and green experiential loyalty in order to decrease passengers’ green switching intentions.