河北省构建低碳消费模式的法律途径研究

构建低碳消费模式,法律规制十分必要。河北省低碳消费法律规制步伐虽然已启动,但依然面临着缺乏统一法律体系,对企业相应行为规制和保障不力,对消费者低碳消费关注不够以及执法和司法体制不健全等诸多问题。在此背景下,为在河北省构建低碳消费模式,笔者借鉴国外先进做法,提出了在立法层面上构建统一的低碳消费法律体系,将消费者的环境权利和环境义务纳入法律框架;执法层面上完善执法机构,加强执法力度,健全执法机制,加大宣传力度;司法层面上提高认识,完善机构,健全司法程序;社会层面上在政府引导下,要求企业、非政府组织及消费者个人广泛参与的法律对策。     

论我国能源法律体系的低碳使命

能源法律体系不仅保障能源的有效供给,还承载着低碳和减排的使命,建构合理而可行的、具有低碳内涵的能源法律体系是低碳经济法律体系的重要组成部分,也是低碳法律体系的基础。在将要逐步完善的能源法体系中应基于我国能源结构及其现实禀赋认真全面落实低碳经济的主要制度,将低碳经济规律全面、具体地贯彻和体现在能源法体系中,采取可行的举措和步骤逐步提升能源法律体系的低碳内涵。     

崇明发展低碳经济产业的研究

崇明借后发优势,跨越传统产业发展路径,主动设计低碳产业结构,进行低碳经济建设,是中国主动环境管理上迈出的重要一步.通过研究崇明现有产业现状,分析了崇明发展低碳经济的必要性和可能性,提出适合在崇明发展的低碳产业:生态旅游业、生态农业、会展业、绿色造船业、创意产业及新能源开发产业.提出了发展低碳经济的对策措施,包括产业结构调整、政策保障、技术创新及设立实践区,该发展模式一旦成熟,将是我国发展低碳经济的一次全新实践.     

青海省发展低碳经济的地方法律保障机制研究

低碳经济是一个涉及经济、社会、环境系统的综合性问题,关乎经济的增长和社会的发展。鉴于此,本文在坚持科学发展观,坚持以人为本的经济社会全面、协调、可持续发展原则,努力构建节约型社会,积极应对气候变化,加快新型产业发展,推动地方经济实现跨越式发展、绿色发展、和谐和统筹发展的宏观政策指导下,运用法律解释学、比较法学和现实分析法等研究方法,分析了青海省发展低碳经济的自然条件和法律条件,并对地方发展低碳经济的法律保障机制的建立进行了一些浅显的探究。希望推动地方关于低碳经济发展的相关立法问题的深入研究,并对地方经济向低碳经济转型的实践发展有所帮助。     

碳排放权交易的激励性法律规制研究

碳排放权交易制度作为我国应对气候变暖的市场化工具,是减少温室气体排放的有效手段。然而,当前我国碳排放权交易法律规制中存在立法效力等级低、监管制度体系不健全、法律规范激励性不强等问题。以国内碳排放权交易立法现状和需求为视角,运用实证研究方法,指出激励性法律规制是解决上述问题,激发碳市场活力,实现碳中和目标的有效路径。并在此基础上,进一步提出激励性法律规制的完善建议,通过构建碳排放权交易的协同监管模式、完善碳信息披露制度、健全激励性配套措施、实行差异化风险补偿机制等,激发市场主体和监管主体参与碳市场的积极性,实现企业减排行为与政府低碳目标的激励相容。     

网络版摘要

可再生能源与低碳经济发展的关系 林雪娥（福安市农村环保能源办公室,福建福安355000） 从可再生能源和低碳经济的内涵及发展意义入手,阐述了可再生能源和低碳经济相辅相成、相互促进的关系,指出可再生能源是低碳经济发展的重要基础和有效保障,低碳经济发展必将促进可再生能源发展,并提出福建发展可再生能源、促进低碳经济建设的对策措施。     

新能源汽车温室气体排放法律规制

根据技术统计,我国新能源纯电动汽车在生产与使用环节所排放的温室气体,均超过普通内燃机车辆的排放量。国内尚未对新能源汽车温室气体排放进行规制,导致了市场竞争恶化、新能源技术停滞、过度占用国家资源和温室气体排放加剧等问题。在新能源汽车排放问题上,美国、欧盟、新加坡等发达国家都率先尝试规制并起到一定成效,中国可以借鉴国际经验,对新能源汽车温室气体排放进行法律规制,并探索和碳排放交易的衔接制度,服务于气候变化、能源安全保障与经济全球化战略。     

低碳广州：主体角色定位与制度展望

大力发展低碳经济,建设生态城市,是广州作为国家中心城市、珠三角经济区核心城市的新方向、新目标。低碳经济对法制化的内生需求决定了探究相关社会主体在低碳经济中的角色定位对于未来地方低碳经济法制构建的重要意义。以低碳经济中政府、企业、公众三者角色定位为核心论题,结合广州发展实际与第三代环境管理理念,提出低碳广州的理性发展必需有主导的政府、能动的企业、积极的公众参与和监督,三者互相制衡,互相促进。未来广州低碳立法必须以此为基准,全面构建符合社会发展规律的低碳法律体系。     

煤炭企业发展低碳经济的SWOT分析及其对策

在介绍煤炭企业发展低碳经济的背景下,运用SWOT分析法分析了煤炭企业发展低碳经济的环境,包括机遇、威胁、优势和劣势四个方面,并从政策保障、技术创新、产业结构调整、人才培育和资金投入、示范带动、低碳化煤炭资源、开发利用煤层气、转变领导方式、宣传教育等方面提出了煤炭企业发展低碳经济的对策,以推动煤炭企业的低碳可持续发展。     

对生物剽窃国内法律规制的思考

<正>"生物剽窃"现象在各发展中国家以及落后国家愈演愈烈,在我国也存在着严重的生物遗传资源流失现象。我国于1992年通过了《生物多样性公约》,但是公约只是对生物多样性保护做了原则性规定,对于国内的法律规制缺少法律保障。我国有关生物遗传资源国内立法保护稀缺且分散。国内立法规制与国家所有权原则、惠益公平分享原则以及来源披露原则密切相关。本刊特邀请有关专家从物权法以及知识产权保护的角度,阐释应如何对生物遗传资源国内立法进行规制,以期实现国内立法的完善,并预防     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.