Training for jobs

In the past much of the training effort of public agencies was not aimed at specific job vacancies or at areas of skill shortages. In contrast, targeted training aims to provide identified disadvantaged groups with training to enable them to compete for identified job vacancies. This paper looks at the success of targeted training through three examples, at how its effectiveness can be improved, and the role of local government in initiating and developing such training.     

Employee reactivity and adaptation to observation on the job

In the course of studying police dispatchers, five observers recorded the reactions of the employees (N = 37) to their presence throughout the work shift on three separate occasions. Four major research questions were considered: (a) extent of reaction, (b) relationship between interactions with the observer and changes in employees' work activities, (c) independence of verbal and nonverbal behavioral reactions, and (d) adaptation. On average, subjects or other employees initiated 10 interactions per hour with observers. These interactions were classified as subject-initiated (a) verbal, content related to research procedures; (b) verbal, non-research-related in content; (c) nonverbal only or (d) other employee-initiated verbal comment. Interaction with the observer was not related to the amount of work the subject did. Subjects' nonverbal and verbal responses were unrelated to each other as well as to the verbal responses of other employees. A priori expectations concerning adaptation to observation were tested with a 3 × 3 (segment by day) repeated-measures factorial design. Significant adaptation (P < 0·01) occurred within and between days in subjects' comments about research procedures and all comments from other employees. However, other behaviors showed with no evidence of adaptation or actual increases. The implications of these findings for measuring reactivity and deciding when adaptation has occurred are discussed.     

Training for benchmarking: The alliedsignal experience

Integration of TQM principles and tools into environmental management decisions is essential to the ultimate success of businesses. Benchmarking is one of the most powerful TQM tools for quickly and effectively improving processes. To realize the maximum benefit from benchmarking, it—like any other TQM tool—must be used appropriately and properly. In this article training techniques are presented that will help companies realize the full potential of their benchmarking efforts.     

培训矩阵在HSE培训顶层设计中的应用

针对中石油企业在进行HSE培训顶层设计时面临的管理层和基层培训设计工具无法统一、基层员工培训矩阵相关要素无法确定的问题,采用国际先进的培训管理工具——培训矩阵进行研究。鉴于其在中石油基层单位培训管理中取得的良好效果,尝试对其改进形成HSE培训设计矩阵用于企业HSE培训的顶层设计,以解决上述问题。实例验证表明:该设计矩阵在统筹全员培训设计、指导基层HSE培训管理方面,实现了资源共享,增强了培训管理的整体性和系统性,显示出了培训设计矩阵的指导效果,值得在企业HSE培训顶层设计中尝试应用。     

EIA Training for Urban Local Authorities in Africa

This paper reports on the participation of the International Council for Local Initiatives (ICLEI) in EIA training in sub-Saharan Africa. It draws from the experiences of an EIA training project in which 365 participants from 17 African cities in six sub-Saharan African countries participated. A total of 27 resource persons from six African countries were hired and gained experience as EIA trainers for local authorities. A number of participating local authorities are already implementing and competently evaluating EIAs as a result of the training workshops. The successful implementation of EIA at the local level greatly depends on the awareness and understanding, by all the stakeholders, of the relevant legislative framework in which the EIA programme is applied. The participants were asked to identify impacts of specific projects, determine mitigation measures and recommend a suitable monitoring programme. The field exercises proved extremely valuable in that they provided a practical opportunity for workshop participants to build essential EIA skills while at the same time providing input into the actual development process in some cases. After the training workshop, participants opined that they were able to understand the value of EIA and the need for its incorporation into the decision-making process.     

EIA Training for Urban Local Authorities in Africa

This paper reports on the participation of the International Council for Local Initiatives (ICLEI) in EIA training in sub-Saharan Africa. It draws from the experiences of an EIA training project in which 365 participants from 17 African cities in six sub-Saharan African countries participated. A total of 27 resource persons from six African countries were hired and gained experience as EIA trainers for local authorities. A number of participating local authorities are already implementing and competently evaluating EIAs as a result of the training workshops. The successful implementation of EIA at the local level greatly depends on the awareness and understanding, by all the stakeholders, of the relevant legislative framework in which the EIA programme is applied. The participants were asked to identify impacts of specific projects, determine mitigation measures and recommend a suitable monitoring programme. The field exercises proved extremely valuable in that they provided a practical opportunity for workshop participants to build essential EIA skills while at the same time providing input into the actual development process in some cases. After the training workshop, participants opined that they were able to understand the value of EIA and the need for its incorporation into the decision-making process.     

石油企业基层岗位需求型HSE培训模式探讨

在对企业推广应用基层岗位需求型HSE培训模式的概念、主要内容和应用现状分析的基础上,就基层HSE培训存在问题进行讨论,指出推广和应用存在的挑战:推广和应用基层岗位需求型HSE培训模式的责任分工问题、岗位HSE培训矩阵编制存在的问题、岗位需求型HSE培训模式推广应用存在的问题,并提出具体建议:加大基层岗位需求型HSE培训模式的推广应用力度、落实推广应用职责并建立常态化工作机制、加强基层HSE培训师培养、保障基层HSE培训模式推广应用资源、通过审核与考核推动基层HSE培训模式的推广和应用。     

Army Training: The Environmental Gains Resulting from the Adoption of Alternatives to Traditional Training Methods

This paper describes several alternatives to traditional methods of army training on dedicated ranges using live, full-calibre ammunition. These are: training/sub-calibre ammunition; training over private land; live or engagement simulation; virtual reality (VR) simulation; constructive simulation; and mechanical simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each are examined with respect to military and environmental considerations. Varied examples from the British, US and Swiss armies are used to examine the future role of these alternative approaches in meeting a fast-changing training requirement within multiplying environmental controls and resource constraints. This paper concentrates particularly on the training requirements of artillery systems because these are amongst the most demanding in resource terms. The three cited nations operate similar artillery systems and are subject to similar constraints. The US Army's move towards simulation has been triggered largely by economic and operational factors along with tightening regulatory controls. The Swiss and British forces are highly constrained by space, the British due to population density and the Swiss due to topography. While all the alternatives offer environmental and resource advantages, VR simulation provides the most positive benefits.     

Environment and industrialization in Puerto Rico: disenfranchising the people

This paper explores the effects of industrialization policy on environmental regulation in Puerto Rico, focusing on implementation of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review process. Adopted in 1970, the EIS process has been transformed to pave the way for extensive use of a concise, alternative mechanism for analysing project environmental impacts, one with less opportunity for public input. This policy shift, virtually replacing the full‐scale EIS, occurred as a way to mediate the conflict between environmental policy and industrialization policy. Formal public participation in environmental decision‐making became the target of reform by the Puerto Rican Government because it perceived that public review was interfering with the location of industry.     

Relationships between street characteristics and perceived attractiveness for walking reported by elderly people

Walking is important for the health of elderly people. Previous studies have found a relationship between neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity and related health aspects. The multivariate linear regression model presented here describes the relationships between the perceived attractiveness of streets for walking along and (physical) street characteristics. Two hundred and eighty-eight independently living elderly people (between 55 and 80 years old) participated in the study. Street characteristics were assessed along homogeneous street subsections defined as ‘links’. Positively related to perceived attractiveness of links were the following street characteristics: slopes and/or stairs, zebra crossings, trees along the route, front gardens, bus and tram stops, shops, business buildings, catering establishments, passing through parks or the city centre, and traffic volume. Litter on the street, high-rise buildings, and neighbourhood density of dwellings were negatively related to perceived link attractiveness. Overall, the results suggest that three main aspects affect perceived attractiveness of streets for walking, namely tidiness of the street, its scenic value and the presence of activity or other people along the street. The results are discussed within the context of these three aspects.     

Indigenous people and mineral taxation regimes

Indigenous people in a number of major mineral-producing countries have established a substantial and growing capacity to tax mineral resources extracted from their traditional lands. However, almost no analysis has been conducted regarding the conceptual and practical issues involved in designing mineral taxation regimes for use by indigenous people. The general literature on mineral taxation is of limited relevance because basic assumptions it makes regarding the nature of the taxing authority (national or state governments) do not apply to indigenous peoples. This article discusses some key characteristics of indigenous communities as they relate to taxation of mineral resources. Against this background, it identifies a number of approaches to mineral taxation which might be utilized by indigenous groups and which acknowledge the specific constraints and circumstances they face while at the same time recognizing their need to attract and maintain investment on their traditional lands. It also reviews the inter-relationship between indigenous and state or governmental tax regimes.     

Training as a component of the consulting contract

Summary Expatriate consultants are employed in developing countries to perform assessments of the consequences to natural resources and the environment of projects for economic development. Eventually (and as soon as possible) the developing countries must be able to do their own assessments and provide continual guidance to economic planning and management. The presence of foreign experts offers an opportunity to transfer technology and skills during the course of consultancies. A training component can be added with appropriate additional compensation. Some of the barriers to successful training are identified and explored. Careful planning by lenders, host country governments, consultants and trainers will be necessary to realize this potential for building and strengthening indigenous capabilities to wisely exploit and sustain the renewable natural resource base. The following experts from developing countries contributed substantially to this report: W. D. Ailapperuma (Sri Lanka), Herman Haeruman (Indonesia), Noki Makap (Papua New Guinea), Somvonk Poshyananda (Thailand), Suh Junghyun (Korea) and Veronica Villavicencio (Philippines). Richard A. Carpenter M.A., Organic Chemistry, University of Missouri, 1949. Came to EAPI from the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council where he was executive director of the Commission on Natural Resources. Prior to establishing that office in 1972, was chief of the Environmental Policy Division of the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Has contributed to the passage and implementation of legislation including the National Environmental Policy Act and has been responsible for a variety of studies interpreting and transferring technical information for decision-making. Began his career as a chemist and has obtained patents in the field. John A. Dixon Ph.D., Economics, Harvard University, 1977. B.A., Economics and Oriental Languages (Chinese), University of California at Berkeley, 1968. Previously worked for the Ford Foundation in Indonesia as agriculture programme economist where his main research interests were food policy analysis and natural resource management. At EAPI he is involved with environmental applications of benefit-cost analysis as well as economic aspects of the coal-fuel cycle.     

芬兰的环境教育教师培训者项目

芬兰政府非常重视环境教育课程项目的开发。为了培养合格的环境教育,芬兰教育部发起了“环境教育教师培训”项目。参加培训的教师不信可学习并运用新的教学方法和产生新的教学课程,而且还可获得个人环境知识与环境价值观和责任感意识。这个项目的初步鉴定表明,已经获得高质量的学习经验,从而对我国进行在职教师大规模环境教育培训有着深刻的借鉴意义。     

"环境小硕士"中国项目实验学校教师培训班开课

国家环保总局宣教中心和瑞典隆德大学国际工业环境经济学院共同主办的中瑞合作“环境小硕士”项目——实验学校教师培训班，于2月24日在北京开课。这是由瑞典隆德大学国际工业环境经济学院从1999年起开发的青年环境远程教育课程项目，即16～17岁学生通过登录互联网中YMP网站学习系列环境程教育课程项目，即16～17岁学生通过登录互联网中YMP网站学习系列环境课程，在完成全部作业和讨论后，获得该学院颁发的国际YMP课程证书。作为积极参与者，将有资格参加定于每两年一届在世界各地轮流举办的“全球环境青年大会”（GEYC）。目前，该项…     

Plants, people, politics and management

This article inserts itself into the ongoing debate over the changing role of State Forest Departments from the traditional task of obtaining revenue for the State through extracting timber and sale of minor forest products, to the emerging identity of protector of wildlife and biodiversity of the forest environment. The article focusses on the adivasi (indigenous) people in the Bastar region of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. It highlights how market forces, regional politics and official conservation policies adversely affect the adivasi people, who inhabit these forests and gain their livelihood from them. Ironically, efforts intended to conserve and protect in many instances instead contribute to increased pressure on the forest.
Major portions of the forests in the region are officially under the authority of the State Forest Department, and many of the adivasi traditional activities, necessary to their livelihood, have been curtailed by law. The article discusses the various areas of conflict/dialogue between the adivasi and the authorities, and the different perceptions of forest space versus land rights. The vegetation of the area and local usage of non-timber forest products are central themes of the article .