麻棚杂岩的成岩物理化学条件及演化规律(摘要)

<正> 麻棚杂岩体位于河北省阜平县和灵寿县境内,大地构造上位于华北地台,山西中台隆,五台台拱之阜平穹褶区西南部阜平-来源复背斜的轴都,属太行山脉北段。岩体受紫荆关深大断裂控制,产出于紫荆关岩浆构造带的南端。岩体长轴呈NNE向展布,总出露面积为65km~2。该杂岩体主体是花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,仅在杂岩体的边部出露辉石闪长岩和石英闪长岩。该杂岩体侵入于太古代阜平群团泊口组,岩体与围岩的侵入接触关系清楚,岩体     

辉长岩与伴生花岗岩类成因联系的岩石化学标准

在贫水花岗岩类系列(辉长岩-花岗岩、英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩及石英二长岩-花岗岩)的主要类型中,辉长岩类形成较早,其数量从第一类型到最后娄型逐渐减少。不同研究人员对于辉长岩类在上述系列中起的作用评价不一。本文作者基于上述各类型岩石化学分析,提出如下看法,在辉长岩(这是花岗岩类系列母体岩浆的结晶产物)的辉长岩-花岗岩伴生类型以及在英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩组合中,辉长岩或是早期结晶相的积聚集合体,或者是这些早期结晶相与原来的安山质岩浆发生混染所形成的。     

新疆南天山景汗花岗质岩体年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

位于新疆南天山和硕县北部的景汗花岗质岩体,为研究南天山造山带构造演化提供了重要信息。岩体岩性以二长花岗岩为主,石英二长闪长岩和二云母花岗岩次之。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,岩体成岩年龄为(311.3±4.4) Ma～(297.2±4.2) Ma,属晚石炭世岩浆活动的产物。岩体SiO_2含量为54.20%～74.22%,全碱(ALK)为5.12%～9.25%,具有高钾钙碱性系列岩石的特征。A/CNK值为0.77～1.07,属于准铝质-弱过铝质花岗岩类。∑REE为(44～288)×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N值为1.83～44.75,表明轻稀土元素富集较为明显。δEu值为0.54～0.93,整体表现为弱亏损特征。花岗质岩浆可能是地壳的部分熔融的产物,并与幔源基性岩浆发生过混合作用。该岩体形成于塔里木板块与伊犁—哈萨克斯坦板块碰撞造山作用晚期阶段,属于碰撞-后碰撞构造环境,南天山晚古生代残余海盆在晚石炭世最终闭合。     

哈萨克斯坦花岗岩类岩浆作用的侧向成矿分带性

<正> 近年来,发现了贝尼奥夫-查瓦里茨基带的巨大控矿作用以及与该带有关的侧向岩浆和成矿分带。 研究哈萨克斯坦花岗岩类的经验表明,在同一时代的花岗岩类岩石中,岩石的总碱度和钠碱度随着离岩石圈板块假想界面向大陆深部的递增,而且岩石的基性度也随之增长。这就造成了按碱度-基性度划分花岗岩岩石化学类型及与之有关的内生矿化的带状分布。特别要强调的是,含斜长花岗闪长岩和石英闪长     

山东找到一新类型大型金矿

山东平邑县归来庄金矿位于尼山隆起NE边缘,燕甘断裂东侧次一级EW向构造带中.区内岩浆活动频繁,形成了中生代的铜石杂岩体,其岩体演化有两大周期:(1)闪长玢岩、二长闪长玢岩、二长斑岩、正长斑岩;(2)石英二长闪长玢岩、石英二长(斑)岩、正长斑岩(或霞石正长斑岩).矿床即赋于超浅成的中偏碱性杂岩体边缘沿断裂构造侵位的脉状隐爆角砾岩中.     

安徽安庆地区五横岩体地质特征及成矿潜力

安庆地区位于长江中下游多金属成矿带中段,是内生金属矿床找矿重点地区之一。通过研究五横岩体岩石学、地球化学及热液蚀变特征,并与邻近地区的月山岩体进行对比,进一步评价五横岩体的成矿潜力。结果表明:安庆地区五横岩体与月山岩体均属于中酸性侵入体,五横岩体与浅部金铜热液脉型矿化关系密切,月山岩体与铜、金等多金属成矿关系密切。五横岩体具有由辉长闪长岩向二长岩演化的岩相学特征,月山岩体主要由闪长岩、二长闪长岩和石英闪长岩组成。五横岩体蚀变强烈,蚀变分带明显,其中低温蚀变带多数伴有铜、金矿化,具有较好的热液系统成矿潜力,月山岩体具有较完整的矽卡岩-热液脉型成矿系统,具有形成较大规模铜铁矿床的潜力。五横岩体与月山岩体在岩石成因、构造背景和热液蚀变等方面具有相似性,深部与三叠纪灰岩接触带可能具有寻找矽卡岩型矿床的潜力。     

西昆仑空巴克石英闪长岩类地球化学特征及构造环境分析

西昆仑空巴克石英闪长岩为原特提斯洋基本闭合,康西瓦韧性剪切带活动的产物.岩体属强过铝质、钙碱性系列偏碱性浅成相花岗岩类,大多属I型花岗岩,少数为S型花岗岩,构造环境为晚加里东期活动陆缘碰撞造山带环境.岩浆源为壳幔混源型.     

南京娘娘山碱性岩中REE丰度及其在矿物中的分配系数

从具强烈成分分带的娘娘山碱性火山杂岩中分选出7个全岩。2个基质和8个单矿物,测定了REE含量,验证了矿物学和化学成分研究的结论,即岩浆房内主岩浆体顶部存在一个演化程度较高的粗面——响岩质岩浆层。LREE和HREE与其它不相容元素(如Rb、Zr等)在此岩浆层中强烈富集,而Eu则与Sr、Ba、Sc以及相容元素一样强烈亏损,MREE也显示中等程度的亏损。表明分离结晶是该成分梯度产生的主要原因。     

福建漳州花岗岩侵入体的Rb-Sr同位素年龄及其成因的初步探讨

漳州花岗岩体七次侵入的顺序为:辉长岩(Ⅰ)、闪长岩(Ⅱ)、花岗闪长岩(Ⅲ)、更长环斑花岗岩(Ⅳ)、花岗岩(Ⅴ)、晶洞花岗岩(Ⅵ)、花岗斑岩(Ⅷ)。Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄:Ⅲ为124.37Ma,Ⅶ为97.13Ma。岩体侵入活动自始至终至少在2724万年以上。Ⅲ、Ⅳ均为幔壳混源产物,前者幔源混入量60.30％,后者为88.34％。岩浆侵入深度2.84—8.91km±,结晶温度610—800℃±,fo_2=10~(-11·3)—10~(-13·8)atm±,岩浆多样性主要原因之一是分离结晶作用,Ⅰ—Ⅳ在压性,Ⅴ—Ⅵ在张性构造环境侵入,总体处于活动大陆边缘。     

水岩交换作用对矿物Rb-Sr体系的影响:北疆祖鲁洪花岗岩质杂岩体的研究

海西期祖鲁洪花岗岩质杂岩体的氧同位素分析及矿物Rb－Sr等时线年龄测定结果表明，该岩体在220～230Ma以前曾在高温下与大气降水发生过相互作用。由花岗岩和闪长岩的单矿物氧同位素分析得知，其石英与长石之间的氧同位素比值之差分别达0．83‰～2．63‰和11．34‰；理论计算得出花岗岩和闪长岩在热液蚀变时的水岩比分别为0．07～0．15和1．04。该岩体任位于渗透性良好的围岩（断层、节理和裂隙在其中都十分发育）中，因而有利于大气水热液循环系统的形成。在这种大气水热液的对流循环过程中，岩体不断地与大气降水发生同位素交换，从而导致了该岩体的矿物Rb－Sr和氧同位素体系发生变化。这种热液活动可能是形成该岩体南侧的W、Cu矿床的原因。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.