SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质条件的响应面优化分析

以江苏省常州市某市政污水处理厂的污泥为原料,将十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为添加剂,研究其对复合酶(碱性蛋白酶∶木瓜蛋白酶=4∶1)水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的促进作用,并根据前期试验结果,在确定液固比为5∶1和复合酶加酶量为5.23%的条件下,以剩余污泥蛋白质的提取率为指标,通过对SDS投加量、反应温度、初始pH值和反应时间因素进行单因素试验和响应面优化试验,确定SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的最佳提取条件和各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的影响显著性大小。结果表明:最佳提取条件为液固比5∶1、复合酶加酶量5.23%、初始pH值7.4、反应温度56.9℃、反应时间2.6h、SDS投加量8.16%;在最佳提取条件下剩余污泥蛋白质提取率的最大值可达69.12%,比仅使用复合酶的提取率(60.83%)提高了8.29%;各因素对SDS促进复合酶水解法提取剩余污泥蛋白质的影响显著性由强至弱表现为反应温度初始pH值SDS添加量反应时间。     

二氧化铅的水溶液体系还原研究

分别采用硫酸亚铁和亚硫酸钠对PbO_2进行还原研究,考察了还原剂浓度(过量系数)、反应时间、反应温度等工艺参数对PbO_2还原率的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析还原产物的物相和形貌。结果表明:硫酸亚铁为还原剂时,PbO_2的还原率随着还原剂浓度的降低、反应温度的升高而增加,反应时间对PbO_2还原率影响较小。硫酸亚铁还原最佳条件为:硫酸亚铁过量系数为1~1.1,反应时间为60 min,反应温度为90℃,n(H_2SO_4)∶n(PbO_2)为3∶1,二氧化铅还原率最高仅为52.4%;亚硫酸钠作为还原剂时,PbO_2的还原率随着亚硫酸钠过量系数增加和反应温度的提高而增大,反应时间对PbO_2还原率影响较小,当亚硫酸钠过量系数为6.0、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为60 min时,PbO_2还原率可达100%,完全还原后,粉体由近球形演变为短棒状。     

一种改性高分子絮凝剂的制备

对传统高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺进行接枝改性,使其在去除水中浊度的同时捕集去除水中的重金属离子。将巯基乙酸通过酰胺化反应接入聚乙烯亚胺的分子链中,生成改性高分子絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI)。主要研究MAPEI的制备条件,如反应物比例(n(PEI)∶n(TGA))、反应物浓度、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应初始pH值、反应温度等,最终得出MAPEI的最佳反应条件,反应物n(PEI)∶n(TGA)=1∶2,4%浓度的PEI溶液;反应时间为12 h;反应体系的pH值无需调节,pH为2.5;反应温度为室温。同时通过红外光谱和元素分析对MAPEI进行性能表征。     

壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸三元接枝共聚物去除废水中铜离子研究

研究pH值、温度、反应物比率对生成三元接枝共聚物的影响,三元接枝共聚物接枝率与接枝效率的计算,以及三元接枝共聚物对铜离子的吸附效果。实验与计算结果表明:生成三元接枝共聚物的最佳反应条件为引发剂(NH4)2S2O8用量6 mmol/L,反应温度50℃,壳聚糖(CTS)∶丙烯酰胺(AM)∶丙烯酸(AA)=1∶2.7∶0.3,pH值=7,反应时间5 h;在相同条件下,三元接枝共聚物对铜离子去除效果比壳聚糖有了明显的改善,对铜离子去除率最高达到90.06%,比壳聚糖对铜离子的去除率高49.72%。     

糖醇螯合钙肥的反应条件及其对螯合率的影响

以糖醇与硝酸钙为原料,采用水浴加热法制备糖醇螯合钙,探讨有机溶剂析出法对所合成的螯合物的分离效果,借助EDTA滴定法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法对分离提纯后的螯合物进行螯合率的测定,在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验设计,分析反应时间、pH、温度、糖醇种类等指标对螯合物稳定性及螯合率的影响。结果表明:有机溶剂乙醇可有效分离糖醇螯合态钙与游离态钙; EDTA滴定法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法的测定结果基本一致,误差约为1. 9%;影响山梨醇与硝酸钙螯合的因素主次顺序为反应时间>山梨醇用量>pH>温度,最佳的螯合反应条件为n(山梨醇)∶n(水)为1∶1,温度为50℃,pH为7,反应时间为45 min,在此条件下糖醇螯合钙的螯合率为49. 73%。     

污泥灰对模拟染料废水的吸附研究

以南京市江心洲污水处理厂污泥为原料热解制得污泥灰,并将其用于吸附直接耐酸大红4BS和活性艳红K-2BP模拟染料废水.考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和pH值对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学特征进行了探讨.结果表明,反应温度、吸附时间和吸附剂投加量对吸附效果有影响,而废水pH变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变.室温下,4BS和K-2BP的最佳污泥投加量分别为3g·L-1、10g·L-1.4BS在最佳反应条件（反应时间为25min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率可达93%;K-2BP在最佳反应条件（反应时间为150min,反应温度为40℃）下,脱色率约为73%.     

Fenton试剂处理活性艳红印染废水的实验研究

采用Fenton试剂对活性艳红印染废水进行了处理。通过正交实验考察了反应时间、反应温度、双氧水/硫酸亚铁摩尔比以及pH对印染废水的色度及COD去除率的影响,确定了Fenton试剂处理废水的最佳条件。结果表明,随着反应时间的延长,色度及COD去除率增大,最佳反应时间为20 min;色度及COD的去除率随着反应温度的升高而增大,最佳反应温度为50℃。色度及COD的去除率在双氧水(30%)的用量与硫酸亚铁用量之比为1:3.1时,去除效果最好;最佳pH值为4.5。出水达到排放标准。此法具有去除率高,设备简单,占地面小,操作方便,不产生二次污染等优点。     

硫酸渣制备高纯度硫酸亚铁

以高铁硫酸渣为原料,采用酸浸-还原-除杂-结晶一重结晶-干燥工艺,合成高纯度硫酸亚铁。通过反应温度、反应时间对硫酸渣中铁的浸出率的影响,以及结晶温度、干燥温度、干燥时间对硫酸亚铁产品纯度的影响做分析实验,得出最佳酸浸条件：硫酸渣与硫酸的固液比为1：3,硫酸质量分数为20％～25％,反应温度为80℃,反应时间为6h,搅拌强度为200r／min;最佳结晶精制条件：结晶溶液pH值为1-3,温度为60℃;除杂最佳条件：pH值约为4．5;冷却结晶温度控制在20℃,结晶干燥过程为30℃,干燥6h。     

O_3/Mn_2O_3对钻井废水多相催化臭氧化试验研究

通过静态试验,探讨了Mn2O3催化剂对钻井废水催化臭氧化处理效果.分别考察了催化剂加量、pH值、反应时间、反应温度和强化剂对钻井废水COD去除率的影响,通过正交试验得到了最佳工艺条件,对钻井废水氧化过程中的产物进行了分析,并探讨了Mn2O3催化剂的稳定性能.结果表明:Mn2O3加量从25 mg·L-1增加到50 mg·L-1时,COD去除率由43.6%增加到54.3%;pH分别为5、11时,COD去除率分别为45.4%和64.3%;反应温度为20℃时,COD去除率最高达到59.1%;随着反应时间的延长,COD去除率也随之增加,反应时间为40 min时,COD去除率达到85.3%;由正交试验得知影响因素的主次关系为催化剂加量反应pH反应温度反应时间,最佳处理工艺条件为催化剂加量50mg·L-1、pH值11,反应温度25℃、反应时间35 min;在25 min时,Ca2+的引入使COD去除率增大了7.1%;钻井废水中的有机物得到降解和矿化;Mn2O3催化剂重复使用10次后,对钻井废水COD降解率影响不大,锰离子的溶出量在反应15 min后稳定在3 mg·L-1,Mn2O3催化剂稳定性能较好.     

微波强化过碳酸钠降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的研究

为探索微波对过碳酸钠(SPC)氧化作用的强化效应,以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为处理对象通过单因素实验和正交实验研究了微波强化过碳酸钠氧化作用的主要影响因子,比较了单独微波、微波-SPC和水浴-SPC对DBP的降解效果。结果表明:微波强化SPC降解DBP的主要影响因素有反应温度、反应时间、SPC投加量以及初始pH值最佳反应条件:SPC/DBP(摩尔比)为250,初始pH为12,温度为85℃,反应时间为40 min,最佳反应条件下DBP降解率为85.52%;SPC与微波对DBP的降解具有协同作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.