农村环境保护的“四位一体”管理模式

农村环境保护是建设社会主义新农村的重要组成部分,加强农村环境管理是做好农村环境保护的关键。针对我国农村环境问题日趋严峻的状况,本文采用文献资料对比分析以及管理学等方法,论述了农村环境的现状,分析了农村环境问题产生的4个主要原因,提出了加强农村环境保护的政府、企业、社会、农村"四位一体"的管理模式,阐明了"四位一体"管理模式的主要内容,阐述了"四位一体"管理模式对于加强农村环境管理、解决农村环境问题、保护农村环境的重要作用。     

Environmental Policy Implementation in Rural China: A Case Study of Yuhang, Zhejiang

The rapid growth of rural enterprises has transformed the Chinese countryside. Although rural industrialisation has resulted in increased financial well-being, it has also contributed to decreased environmental quality. While China has strong environmental protection laws, this paper will demonstrate that they are not being effectively implemented in a rural region in Zhejiang Province. This is due to a number of social, political, and economic barriers that prevent agencies from effectively enforcing environmental policies and regulatory mechanisms. This paper investigates the implementation of China's environmental policies through a case study in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province. It demonstrates that the implementation of environmental impact assessment, discharge fees, and limited time treatment is limited by inadequate technology, low finances, limited human resources, poor public environmental awareness, faulty data, inferior agency reports, organizational conflict, relations based on guanxi, and low discharge fee prices.     

Sustainable energy development in rural Asia

In considering the prospects for sustainable energy, most studies have focused on developments in the urban and industrial areas. However, in Asia where the bulk of the population continues to live in rural areas, it is essential to monitor the changes occurring in the countryside. Therefore, this paper examines the developments taking place in rural energy in Asia in general and focuses specifically on the situation in China. It is observed that a total reorganization of the energy picture is occurring in rural China with regard to both conventional and non-conventional energy, as a result of the huge market for power and fuel created by rapid economic growth. This has led to new distribution networks for electricity (with the Chinese Government following the example of the US Rural Electrification Administration), fossil fuels and renewable energy systems. The growing affluence of the population coupled with rapid industrialization is producing far-reaching changes in the transportation structure as well as in the household energy structure. The situation in China is seen to be comparable to that in other East and Southeast Asian countries, particularly those which combine a rapidly growing industrial sector with a large rural population engaged in agriculture, such as the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia.     

成都市基层环境保护管理机构与制度建设研究

随着农民的生活质量水平的日益显著提高,农村公共环境质量问题也引起了全社会普遍关注,但是农村传统的生产生活方式和落后的环保基础设施,导致农村环境形势仍然十分严峻。本文介绍了我国的农村环境保护政策法规和成都市乡镇环境保护机构建设现状,剖析了其存在的主要问题,最后提出了乡镇环保机构模式、运行机制和相关的政策建议。     

Sustainable mobility in rural China

Rural areas in China suffer from various problems. The stagnating economic development and a lack of (sufficient) job opportunities and basic services, etc., lead to disadvantages for great parts of China's population. In this context, the transport sector plays a crucial role for the development of rural settlements. Although the degree of undersupply varies between villages, the situation of Chinese villages is often worsened by an insufficient developed transport sector. Regarding mobility in rural China, major constraints and therefore challenges are the difficult access to the transport infrastructure, bad road conditions and the lack of public transport systems. Improvements within the transport sector can be regarded as crucial for the economic and social development of (rural) China and should be carried out in a sustainable and holistic manner using participatory approaches. The aim should be the development of mobility strategies considering the specific needs within the field of transport, which shall have a decisive and positive impact on related sectors. This paper is based on experiences made during the 3 years lasting Sino-European research project SUCCESS (Sustainable Users Concept for China Engaging Scientific Scenario) that analyses the present and the potential future role of transport systems in selected rural areas of China. Referring to the case studies of three villages in rural China, some mobility-related projects that present a favourable impact not only on the transport sector but also on the social system and the economy shall be highlighted. Finally, based on the analysis, instruments and measures for the development of a pathway to a sustainable mobility in rural China will be outlined.     

Rural industries and water pollution in China

Water pollution from small rural industries is a serious problem throughout China. Over half of all river sections monitored for water quality are rated as being unsafe for human contact, and this pollution is estimated to cost several per cent of GDP. While China has some of the toughest environmental protection laws in the world, the implementation of these laws in rural areas is not effective. This paper explains the reasons for this implementation gap. It argues that the factors that have underpinned the economic success of rural industry are precisely the same factors that cause water pollution from rural industry to remain such a serious problem in China. This means that the control of rural water pollution is not simply a technical problem of designing a more appropriate governance system, or finding better policy instruments or more funding. Instead, solutions lie in changes in the model that underpins rural development in China.     

From subsistence farming towards a multifunctional agriculture: sustainability in the Chinese rural reality

The rural economic situation in China-with a living standard mostly at subsistence level-lags far behind the prosperous development in the cities and coastal areas. To balance this disequilibrium, comprehensive concepts and endeavors are necessary keeping in view all-not just economic-interests and needs that contribute to lively rural identities. In this context the role of agriculture, where still 50% of the Chinese population are working, will be newly defined, and sustainability concepts can help to find a readjusted position within the Chinese economy focusing on environmental health and food safety as main targets of political and other supporting measures. Within the SUCCESS project, a Concept of Sustainable Agriculture was developed and it drafts one conceivable relation between the exposure to natural resources and economy and tries to find new answers to the broad range of rural challenges in China. It is a qualitative model and, therefore, not always fully applicable, but in the concrete situation of villages, it shows possible directions of sustainability-oriented development by considering the typical local potentials. In the Chinese context that means identifying the different functions of agriculture-the well-known and the hidden-to make them explicit for the Chinese public and therewith to give them new significance. The article is based on a 3-years study within the EU-China Project SUCCESS with field research in four Chinese rural communities. It analyzes the agricultural sustainability potential of these selected villages against the background of massive structural changes within the next 20 years in rural China. Starting from the current agricultural reality, based on a qualitative analysis of the actual situation, local potentials and needs towards sustainable production and marketing are identified, and possible functions of the Chinese agriculture are formulated for the future.     

城乡用地结构与布局优化研究——以黄山市为例

优化城乡用地结构与布局是实施统筹城乡发展、建立和谐社会的重要内容。选取黄山市城乡用地为研究对象,从数量、布局等方面分析了城乡建设用地现状及存在的问题,提出相应的优化城乡建议和对策,为新农村建设和土地利用总体规划的修编提供参考。     

重庆乡村旅游发展的实证分析

在我国提出大力发展乡村旅游的背景下,乡村旅游已成为社会主义新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的主要内容,并成为解决“三农”问题的一条重要途径。由于乡村旅游良好的“城乡联动”机制和广阔发展前景,将成为重庆城市带农村发展的重要举措。但从旅游学的角度看,乡村旅游产品具有一般旅游产品的特征,其发展历史较短而速度过快,已出现了众多棘手的问题。通过对重庆市乡村旅游资源及其发展现状分析,对发展中存在的问题进行了重点分析,从规划编制、精品培育、设施完善、资源保护、市场拓展、人才培养、示范带动等方面对乡村旅游发展对策进行了探讨。     

Place as a social space: fields of encounter relating to the local sustainability process

The paper shows how sustainability questions relate to the local space. The local place is not a static entity, but a dynamic one, undergoing constant changes, and it is the rapid social and material processes within the given local situation that is a challenge for the Chinese villages and their integrity. The following article considers the cohesion between the dwellers' emotional co-ownership of their local space and the sustainability process as a driving force in social, economic and ecological development. We bring together the classification of the seven fields of encounter, which were developed out of the empirical data of the Chinese case study villages, and sustainability oriented management considerations for all levels of this concept. We do not pretend to know the solutions, but describe a set of interrelated fields that can be anchor points for placing the solutions and show in which fields action and intervention is possible. In our concept of sustainability, every spatial field has its special meaning, needs special measures and policies and has different connotations to concepts like responsibility, family values or communication systems. We see the social sustainability process as a support for the empowerment of the local dwellers, and the SUCCESS research has encouraged the villages to find suitable sustainability oriented solutions for their natural and societal situation. Before entering the discussion about the chances and potential of a sustainability approach for the Chinese villages, it is first necessary to accept the fact that rural villages play a primordial role in Chinese society and that their potential can strengthen future pathways for China.     

Planning in the countryside

The author considers the present greater awareness of the needs of the countryside brought about through public debate of the issues involved. The nature of countryside policies is considered and recent developments described. The paper concludes that much more positive planning is being undertaken to conserve the countryside, whilst allowing rural development to take place.     

For an improved rural housing to limit distress migration

Third World cities have been suffering from many problems notably slums, squatter housing, unemployment and so on. The aim of this study is to discuss the process and means of transforming rural life so as to create better opportunities and enhance the living conditions in the countryside. It is suggested that this approach would retain a substantial part of the rural population in the rural areas, thus avoiding the urban problems and chaotic unplanned development.     

湿地水权实践中的成员权表达——基于D村W大塘的案例分析

湿地是我国生态环境系统中的重要组成部分。但长期以来,我国湿地被各方掠夺性开发,湿地生态环境面临的形势严峻。造成这一局面的主要原因是湿地产权界定不清带来的外部不经济。试图通过对发生在一个湿地资源型村庄的案例的分析,来呈现因产权界定不清以致湿地生态环境被破坏的过程:集体化结束后,村社成员试图重新界定湿地水面产权。集体成员权作为一种身份和资格,成为界定湿地水权时最为关键的权利。村社的成员权实践受到受到国家法律政策逻辑和乡土逻辑的双重影响。当双重逻辑在成员权实践中共同发挥作用时,村社成员的权益表达就比较和谐;而当双重逻辑逐渐失能时,村社成员的权益表达就会逐渐不和谐;若这双重逻辑完全消解,村社成员就可能放弃自己的权益表达。后果就是湿地被无序开发,当地的生态环境遭到严重破坏。要改变这一情况,亟需国家政治力量和地方社区力量的集体参与——国家要完善湿地环境保护方面的法律政策,使社会在调处湿地水权纠纷时有法可依;同时基层政府应因地制宜地制定湿地环境保护政策,并应以更加积极的姿态介入到村社湿地水权纠纷调处中;村社成员也应主动对接国家政治力量,“迎法下乡”,使依法治村在村社湿地水权纠纷调处中成为可能。     

西南地区农村生活污水治理规划体系研究——以自贡市沿滩区为例

为科学规划农村生活污水治理,进一步解决西南地区农村生活污水粗放、分散等问题.在充分调研沿滩区农村生活污水现状,收集国土、人口、DEM、水系、水源保护区等多项数据,建立了农村居民聚集区识别、环境敏感村划定方法,识别出沿滩区48个环境敏感区村庄、74个农村聚居区,构建出更为科学的农村生活污水治理规划体系,为农村生活污水整治...     

Proliferation of nonconforming land uses in agricultural envelope of urban Hong Kong

Until the late 1960s rural Hong Kong had an attractive rustic landscape and a small but active farming population. The recent widespread agricultural decline provided opportunities for urban-oriented activities to invade, mainly as open storage and workshops unsuitable in city areas. Rapid container-port expansion and cross-border China trade generate demands for cheap and accessible land for non-conforming uses (NCU). Rural development control and land-use planning are inherently weak, and formal provision for such uses is lacking. An unfavorable landmark court judgement allows landowners to degrade the countryside. The activities have caused acute environmental problems, telescoped into a small territory, including visual blight, pollution, drainage blockage, loss of wetland habitats, and increased flooding hazard. The distinction between urban and rural has been blurred in the destruction of the valuable countryside heritage. An interim legislative amendment fails to stop unauthorized conversion of farmland. In the long term, an integrated and comprehensive rural planning strategy to conserve inherent elements, as well as accommodating selected urban spillover in properly located and serviced sites, is needed.     

市场经济下我国农村剩余劳动力的转移与开发

市场经济的高速发展使我国农村发生了重大变革,农村剩余劳动力问题成为社会关注的一个重要课题。本文通过对农村劳动力的基本状况和转移特征的论述,客观地分析了剩余劳动力转移的阶段性,提出了劳动力转移开发的几种模式,并就这一问题提出了建议     

Diffusion of Policy Discourse into Rural Spheres Through Co-Management of State Forestlands: Two Cases from West Java,Indonesia

In the context of state forestland management in tropical regions, the implementation of a co-management approach has been widely advocated in order to include the voices of local people and accommodate their interests in management decision-making. Most co-management literatures, however, underestimate the significance of statutory authority held by state to control forestlands and resources. By clarifying the implications of state ownership of forestland, this article aims to critically examine co-management processes with reference to Foucault's notion of power and subject. Case studies were conducted at two co-management pilot sites in Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Findings demonstrate that co-management processes actually materialize shared decision-making arrangements between state forest bureaucracy and rural people through the application of equity approaches, such as deliberation, negotiation, and experimentation. At the same time, these processes can also function to diffuse state policy discourse in rural spheres, which makes rural subjects who accept and practice the policy discourse. The research also reveals that the diffusion process is complex and does not necessarily make a durable subject unless they are pertinently organized. The results of this research indicate that co-management of state forestlands is a double-edged process for local people who risk becoming a proxy of state bureaucracy in the implementation of state policy. Proponents of co-management should, therefore, critically examine whether new institutional arrangements, which are developed through co-management, truly reflect values and needs of local people and assist them to develop a pertinent subject to deal with it.     

农村环境信息公开法律体系的构建

文章主要论述农村环境信息公开的法律法规的构建过程,首先讲述了农村的环境现状及农民的环境弱势地位,分析了农村环境信息公开制度不完善的原因,同时还考察了国外农村环境信息公开的相关法律法规,最后结合实际情况,从农村环境信息公开法律的立法以及农村环境信息的管理体制、机制上进行分析并提出了相应的对策,逐步完善农村环境信息公开的法律制度。     

Junk-buyers as the linkage between waste sources and redemption depots in urban China: the case of Wuhan

This paper locates junk-buyers in the recycling chain that includes waste source, collection system and end-user. With increasing needs of convenience for recycling at waste sources but disappearing redemption depots in city blocks of China, junk-buyers play a role of linkage between waste sources and redemption depots. It is these door-to-door collectors who make the general public aware of cash value inside recyclable waste. Also, the motivation of getting cash back pushes junk-buyers become immediate suppliers to redemption depots. Without junk-buyers as door-to-door collectors, the current waste recovery system in post-Mao's China would brake down. However, as in other developing countries, the junk-buyer occupation in urban China currently is typically driven by economic incentives, and the door-to-door collection of recyclable waste completely falls into junk-buyer individual business. It is difficult for junk-buyers who mainly come from the countryside to establish stable relations with waste sources for lack of recognition from urban society. The appropriate allocation of individual time and space becomes crucial to conducting the door-to-door activities so as to collecting more recyclables. While the collecting territory as the condition of production is positively reflected by the usual extent of the collecting distance, junk-buyers mostly spend time in finding sellers instead of simply expanding their collecting territory. This is a typical example of the cheapest and lowest skilled labor forces being in relatively unlimited supply in a developing country.     

农村合村并居中居民点土地整理研究——以德州市为例

随着我国城镇化水平的提高,农村居民点用地与耕地、城市建设用地的矛盾日益突出.在综述农村居民点土地整理研究现状的基础上,结合国家农村建设用地标准对德州市农村居民点用地潜力进行了测算,对居民点土地整理的效益进行了评价,并对德州市合村并居中农村居民点土地整理提出了建议.