厦门市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的昼夜变化特征

对厦门市冬季不同功能区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)的昼夜变化特征进行分析.结果表明,在检出的13种PAHs中,总浓度及其组分均呈现明显的差异.PAHs总浓度(ΣPAHs)分布在3.04-12.49ng·m-3;各功能区PAHs以菲、芘和含量相对较高,其中菲占优势,说明厦门市冬季大气PM2.5中PAHs以菲的污染为主.局部地区晚间ΣPAHs的浓度明显高于日间浓度,这可能与夜间大气混合层下降、污染物不易扩散传输、日间PAHs易光降解等有关.     

大气PM_(10)中多环芳烃的污染特征

利用GC-MS对2008年5月至11月淮南市5个采样点大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品进行分析,总结了研究区内PM10及其中16种PAHs的浓度特征、季节变化规律和来源解析.结果表明,不同采样点PM10浓度均偏高,超标率为14%—238%;PM10浓度水平为谢家集田十五小大通三小淮化集团理工校园.研究区内16种PAHs浓度总量的范围在15.20ng.m-3—111.58ng.m-3之间,平均浓度为64.36ng.m-3,4环以上的稠环芳烃占总浓度的86%.PAHs总量的季节变化与采样时环境温度显示出较好的负相关性,即秋季春季夏季.运用多环芳烃比值综合判断,淮南市大气PM10中PAHs主要以燃煤和机动车尾气混合来源为主,石油源和木材燃烧来源的贡献较小.     

北京市冬季大气气溶胶中PAHs的污染特征

利用大流量颗粒物采样器采集了2005-2006年冬季北京市大气气溶胶中PM10和PM2.5样品,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对样品中的多环芳烃进行检测.结果表明:北京市冬季大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为520.5±476.9ng·m-3和326.8±294.3ng·m-3,且大部分存在于细粒子中,4环以上的稠环芳烃占总浓度的87%.根据荧蒽/芘等比值指标判别,北京市冬季PAHs主要以燃煤排放为主,其次是石油燃烧交通排放.风速增大和太阳辐射曝辐量增强,都会降低颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度.     

白银市土壤多环芳烃污染特征

多环芳烃(PAHs)广泛存在于自然界,具有生物富集率高、致癌性强、环境风险高的特点.土壤是多环芳烃积累和迁移的重要介质,土壤中PAHs的浓度水平能反映研究区域内多环芳烃污染状况和污染来源等信息.本研究采集甘肃省白银市不同功能区土壤样品,分析土壤样品中PAHs的分布特征、污染状况和它们的主要来源,对有效控制PAHs污染,保护人类健康,具有非常重要的理论及现实意义.     

太原市雨水中多环芳烃的污染特征

对太原市2012年3—10月雨水中16种溶解态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、沉降通量和来源进行了分析.结果表明,16种PAHs总的(∑16-PAHs)平均浓度为1081.2 ng·L-1(范围为316.8—6272.3 ng·L-1),以2—3环PAHs为主,占75.4%,4环和5—6环PAHs分别占18.2%和6.4%.∑16-PAHs浓度与温度(P<0.05)和电导率(P<0.01)呈显著正相关.同一场降雨不同阶段的∑16-PAHs浓度及其组成与降雨量有关.∑16-PAHs的全年平均沉降通量为481.5 ng·m-2·d-1,9月的沉降通量最高(2342.8 ng·m-2·d-1),其次是7月(1604.4 ng·m-2·d-1),10月的最低(83.3 ng·m-2·d-1),其中2—3环PAHs的沉降通量明显高于4环和5—6环PAHs,∑16-PAHs的月沉降通量与月平均降雨量(P<0.01)和降雨频次(P<0.05)呈显著正相关.利用特征比值法判断PAHs的主要来源是煤燃烧,同时也存在一定的石油燃烧源和少部分的石油源.     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。     

攀枝花市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征分析及来源识别

2007年2月在攀枝花市不同功能区采集了大气PM10样品42个和污染源样品32个,采用超声抽提GC/MS方法测定分析了16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。结果显示攀枝花市PM10颗粒相PAHs单体浓度范围为0.34～416.45ng/m3,总量浓度范围为24.56～2569.66ng/m3;攀枝花市5个采样点中河门口片区PM10多环芳烃单体浓度范围为5.64～416.45ng/m3,污染最严重。源样品测定结果分别为扬尘78.74ug/g,煤烟尘6.12ug/g,钢铁工业尘30.54ug/g,焦化尘3187.42ug/g。应用比值法和化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对污染源进行识别,燃煤和炼焦是攀枝花市PAHs的主要来源,对攀枝花市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃污染的分担率分别为55.8%、19.9%。     

北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节变化及来源分析

使用大流量滤膜采样器,从2006年9月至2007年8月,每周同时采集北京城市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细粒子样品(PM2.5)各一次,二氯甲烷超声抽提一气相色谱/质谱分析了17种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度,结果表明,春、夏、秋、冬四季北京大气PM10和PM2.5中PAHs总量分别为63.8±44.6ng·m-3、43.2±4.5ng·m-3、84.7±108.3ng·m-3、348.0±250.0ng·m-3和54.7±17.3ng·m-3、40.3±8.6ng·m-3、66.1±81.5ng·m-3、337.7±267.2ng·m-3;约有70%的PAHs存在于细粒子PM2.5中,其质量浓度有明显季节变化,冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;颗粒物中PAHs主要以4、5、6环存在,其中4环以上占79.4%.源解析表明,北京大气颗粒物中的PAHs主要来自燃煤,同时汽油、柴油燃烧排放也不能忽略.结合气象要素分析,温度升高和太阳辐射增强易造成多环芳烃挥发和反应,湿沉降有利于多环芳烃随颗粒物清除.     

贵阳市冬、夏季PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及来源解析

正多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类具有致癌、致畸、致突变性的有机污染物,且在环境中广泛分布.有研究表明,大气可吸入颗粒物、特别是细颗粒物(PM2.5)中的有机成分含量超过30%,而PAHs正是其中的重要组成.贵阳市是我国西部地区的重要省会城市,地处山间盆地,多微风、静风的气候条件,对大气污染物浓度的变化比较敏感.本研究按功能区选取贵阳市10个代表性点位,以PM2.5中PAHs为研究对象,分冬、夏两个季节采样,深入讨论了     

济南冬春季室内空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

2010年冬春季,在济南典型室内环境(超市、办公室和餐厅)采集了PM2.5样品,并对其多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间办公室的PAHs平均浓度最高,为93.11 ng.m-3,超市和餐厅的PAHs平均浓度分别为42.97 ng.m-3和26.65 ng.m-3.超市和办公室的多环芳烃均以室外源(燃煤)为主,吸烟导致办公室轻环多环芳烃浓度升高,高于室外相应物种的浓度,餐厅的轻环多环芳烃和重环多环芳烃分别来源于室内烹饪和室外的机动车尾气.与室外相比,超市和办公室PAHs中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b+k]荧蒽(BbkF)占总PAHs的比例较高,达到10%—15%,这与冬季室内使用中央空调取暖密不可分.超市、办公室和餐厅的毒性当量浓度值(BEQ)分别为7.05 ng.m-3、10.75 ng.m-3和0.75 ng.m-3.其中办公室的毒性当量浓度高于我国规定10 ng.m-3.超市,办公室和餐厅的PAHs暴露致终身肺癌风险度分别为0.6×10-3、0.9×10-3和6.5×10-5,均超过了世界卫生组织的建议值(10-5),超市和办公室的终身致癌健康风险高于美国最高法院规定的10-3的显著水平,说明生活在超市和办公室致癌风险高.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Environmental education in comprehensive schools in Greece

The new institution of comprehensive high school, in Greece today, aims to relate the school with the natural, social, economical and cultural environment. In this frame of process, interrelation and dynamic contact of school with the holistic environment, the subject “Ecology and Environment”; of the 2nd class (16–17 years old), informs, sensitizes and activizes the anxious young generation. The textbook of the subject determines and analyzes the human impact and their consequences to the natural ecosystems. In the total content there are also numerous examples from the natural, man‐made and cultural environment of Greece.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.