膜基吸收恶臭气体H_2S的实验研究

选甲基二乙醇胺溶液为吸收剂,聚丙烯中空纤维膜作接触器,通过单因素实验研究膜基吸收恶臭气体H2S的影响因素。结果表明,吸收剂浓度对脱硫率影响明显,适当的吸收剂浓度是保证脱硫率的关键因素;进气速率增大可以提高传质系数、增强传质,但脱硫率降低;提高进气压力可以提高脱硫率,但不如吸收剂浓度影响大;吸收剂循环使用对脱硫率影响较大,应在满足出气要求的前提下,合理控制循环次数和循环比例。对含H2S347mg/m3的进气,实验得到的适宜的脱硫条件为:进气流速0.35m3/h、压力0.1MPa,吸收剂流量0.40m3/h、浓度3mol/L。在该条件下,单级膜组件脱硫率稳定在96%以上。     

中空纤维膜吸收法脱除SO_2的实验研究

利用聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件为吸收器 ,以SO2 /空气混合气—清水、SO2 /空气混合气—NaOH溶液 ( 0 .1mol/L ,0 .5mol/L)为实验体系 ,研究了吸收液浓度、气液两相流速和气液两相流程等操作条件对吸收率的影响 ;以传质单元高度 (HTU)为指标 ,与 3种常用填料吸收塔进行了比较 ;研究结果表明 :中空纤维膜吸收技术用于工业SO2 脱除具有较高的传质效率和显著的环境效益     

膜萃取处理水溶液中镉、锌离子的工艺

以P204+正庚烷为萃取剂,将中空纤维膜萃取技术用于处理水溶液中镉离子、锌离子.研究了两相流速、初始浓度及溶液pH等因素对传质系数和萃取率的影响,计算了膜萃取器的传质单元高度(HTU)_w,同时还研究了萃取剂的再生问题.实验结果表明,在低浓度下(＜500 mg/L),平衡分配系数较大,传质阻力主要是在水相;在初始浓度较高时(＜2000mg/L),由于分配系数较小,三项传质阻力均不可忽略;在初始浓度很高时(＞2000mg/L),传质由有机相和膜相阻力控制.实验还表明通过膜器串联可以实现萃取剂的再生.对于稀溶液(＜200mg/L),中空纤维膜萃取可以使水溶液中金属离子浓度减小2个数量级,通过计算,中空纤维膜萃取器(HTU)_w在15～30cm之间,大大低于传统的萃取塔.     

热耦合渗透蒸馏分离酸洗废水中HCl的传质研究

采用膜蒸馏分离废水中的HCl时常伴生着水蒸气的传质,影响HCl的分离效果。为抑制水的传质,文章考虑采用热耦合渗透蒸馏,建立了利用实验结果计算总传质系数和选择性分离系数的方程,分析了HCl-H2O体系气液平衡关系及跨膜传质推动力。研究结果表明,升高料液温度或增大料液流速均能提高HCl的总传质系数,但却降低了选择性分离系数;废水为盐酸和硫酸混合液时,能够抑制水蒸气的传质,且硫酸浓度越大,抑制作用越明显,能够同时提高总传质系数和选择性分离系数;废水中含有氯盐时,同离子效应和离子的水化作用产生的盐析效应能够抑制水蒸气的传质,提高选择性分离系数。     

陶瓷膜接触器在润湿模式下吸收SO2的传质强化

将平均孔径为100 nm的Al_2O_3陶瓷膜组装成膜接触器,以单乙醇胺(MEA)为吸收剂,在考察吸收剂浓度对膜吸收过程影响的基础上,深入比较了陶瓷膜在润湿和非润湿模式下脱除SO_2的传质性能.实验结果表明,当MEA浓度大于0.26 mol·L~(-1)时,润湿模式下SO_2的脱除率和传质系数均高于非润湿模式.根据膜理论和阻力串联模型建立了陶瓷膜吸收SO_2的传质方程,理论计算表明,润湿模式下膜相传质阻力因瞬间化学反应的存在大幅降低,润湿模式更适用于脱除烟气中低浓度的SO_2.本研究结果可为陶瓷膜接触器在膜吸收领域的工业化应用和进一步传质优化提供参考.     

MDEA水溶液膜法天然气脱硫的试验研究

以新配和含有一定H_2S的MDEA溶液为吸收液,以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜组件为接触器,通过对操作参数的调节和改变膜孔大小等方法对脱硫率和总传质系数进行研究。结果表明:气液压力差以及膜孔孔径的增加均有利于脱硫率和总传质系数的提升,即均有利于脱硫。降低进气流量和低气液比均对H_2S传质有积极作用。     

PVDF中空纤维膜次氯酸钠后处理及应用于膜吸收

采用乙醇洗涤、次氯酸钠水溶液浸泡的方法,去除商品化的聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜中的亲水性成分,使之恢复本征的疏水性并用于膜吸收过程。以单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、氢氧化钠、纯水做吸收剂,对混合气体中CO2进行吸收试验。试验考察了膜有效长度、吸收剂种类、吸收剂浓度、操作温度、气相流速对CO2的脱除率和传质系数的影响。结果表明:(1)使用单乙醇胺做为吸收剂,CO2脱除率高且回收方便,且对膜损坏小;(2)高温不利吸收,但影响不大;(3)气速增大,CO2的吸收率下降并且影响传质速率;(4)稳定性实验表明,一定条件下,处理后的膜在0～28 h内都能保持100%的去除率,而原膜一般低于90%。     

硅橡胶平板复合膜萃取处理含酚废水的分离性能

 采用一种新的硅橡胶平板复合膜[聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS) /聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF)]处理含酚废水,考察了流量、萃取液pH 值、料液浓度、系统温度、盐离子浓度对总传质系数(Kov)的影响.结果表明, 随料液流量增加,Kov 增大,当料液流量＞400mL/min 时,Kov 基本不变;当萃取液pH 值＞11 时,增大pH 值对Kov 影响不大, 当pH 值为12.5~13.0 时,萃取液浓度变化对Kov 无影响;料液浓度增加,使传质动力增强,从而加强了传质,但当料液浓度达到5g/L 时,Kov与其初始浓度无关; Kov随液相温度增加而线性增大; 离子强度改变了苯酚在相间的分配系数,影响传质过程.     

阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺在离子交换膜上的吸附规律

研究了阴离子交换膜对阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的吸附规律和影响因素.采用静态吸附的方法,测定了不同温度、不同浓度的阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在阴离子交换膜上的吸附量、吸附平衡时间,考察了初始HPAM溶液浓度、pH值以及溶液中其他离子浓度对其在离子交换膜上吸附的影响,目的是阐明阴离子交换膜对HPAM分子的吸附动力学过程、探讨各影响因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在阴离子交换膜上有明显的吸附作用,但在阳离子交换膜上吸附量几乎为0;阴离子交换膜对聚合物的吸附平衡时间随聚合物溶液初始浓度的增大而延长,且不同浓度、不同温度下的吸附过程动力学特征都能很好地遵循准二级动力学模型;303、308和313 K温度下,阴离子交换膜对聚合物的等温吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地拟合,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,温度越高,吸附量越大;聚合物溶液pH值和离子浓度对吸附效果有显著影响:pH=6时,吸附量达到最大值;吸附量随着离子浓度的增加而增大.     

膜参数对膜吸收法天然气脱硫传质性能的影响研究

以N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)溶液为吸收液,采用膜吸收法进行了模拟天然气脱硫试验,考察了不同膜参数对MDEA溶液脱硫过程中传质性能的影响。结果表明:在较为理想的稳态膜吸收过程中,多孔膜孔径大小、膜厚度以及膜孔形态等因素对稳态膜吸收过程中的传质效果影响不大;在其他条件不变的情况下,多孔膜的传质性能随着孔隙率的增大而提高;同时传质效果还受到膜润湿现象的影响。这说明在较为理想的稳态膜吸收过程中孔隙率是对传质效果产生影响的主要因素,为膜吸收过程传质的影响因素探究及多孔膜选择提供了依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.