LNG卧式低温液体储罐夹层支承载荷分析计算

LNG是液化天然气的英文缩写，无论是LNG液化工厂到装船海运还是LNG接收站到各中转站（LNG加气站或汽化站），基本都离不开低温储存设备——LNG储罐（槽）。为了保持LNG的低温，必须对储罐采取绝热措施。现在一般采用真空绝热方式，真空绝热有三种基本类型：高真空绝热、真空粉沫绝热、真空多层绝热。     

LNG储罐区周边防护距离的确定方法

以液化天然气储存总容量为10000m3的液化天然气储罐区为例,结合当地的气候条件,依据相关国家标准,详述了LNG储罐区周边防护距离的确定过程。     

火灾爆炸后果分析法在LNG储罐风险评估中的应用

风险评估是液化天然气(LNG)储存系统风险管理的重要环节。本文运用火灾爆炸后果分析法对LNG储存系统进行风险评估,分别计算了LNG储罐引发池火灾、沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸、蒸汽云爆炸的危险区域,对LNG储罐区的选址、建设、平面布局、风险控制等均有十分重要的意义。     

加注趸船液化天然气储罐泄漏动态仿真分析

为分析加注趸船液化天然气(LNG)储罐连续泄漏各参量的变化规律并获取泄漏强度的准确数据,建立了LNG储罐初始泄漏强度计算模型,提出了一种基于微分迭代思想的加压LNG储罐液相空间连续泄漏的动态计算方法,并对长江干线上某型加注趸船储罐的泄漏过程进行仿真计算,探究了各参量和泄漏强度的变化规律。结果表明,在泄漏口面积和高度相同的情况下,随液体体积的减少,两相混合物中的蒸汽质量分数逐渐下降;在储存压力和泄漏高度相同的情况下,泄漏口面积越大,泄漏质量流率的初始值越大,泄漏时间越短,压力和液面高度下的降速率越快;在储存压力和泄漏口面积相同的情况下,储罐内部液面距泄漏口的高度越大,质量流率的变化越快,泄漏时间越长。     

事故树分析法在LNG储存系统风险评估中的应用

风险评估是液化天然气(LNG)储存系统风险管理的重要环节。本文运用事故树分析法对LNG储存系统进行风险评估,系统全面地找出引起LNG储存系统发生火灾爆炸事故的所有原因事件,并分析基本事件的结构重要度。避免LNG储罐发生火灾爆炸事故应该主要从控制火源和超压两个方面入手,从而达到预防LNG储存系统火灾、爆炸事故发生的目的。     

液化天然气公交车载缓冲罐意外爆炸事故的原因分析

针对一起液化天然气(LNG)公交车维修中发生的车载缓冲罐爆炸事故进行调查,从罐体材质、断口特征、介质特性及人为因素等方面进行了技术分析.调查认为:疑似供气管路或换热器出现故障,导致低温LNG汽化不完全,气态管路及缓冲罐出现LNG积液,并形成严重冰冻.使用常温水进行常规除冰处理,导致LNG积液在封闭空间内发生快速相变反应...     

大型LNG储罐翻滚事故放空气扩散后果模拟

发生翻滚事故时,大型LNG储罐内压力急剧升高,为防止储罐超压破裂,大量的天然气通过安全阀放空,而天然气具有易燃易爆的特点,可能在LNG接收站的装置区及罐区发生爆炸。利用计算流体力学的方法对不同风速、风向下放空气的扩散过程进行了模拟,得到CH4的浓度分布情况。结果表明:大气风速对放空气的扩散过程具有影响,当风速逐渐增大时,降落到地面的CH4逐渐增多,而当风速超过7m/s时,随着风速的增大,降落到地面的CH4开始减少。随着风速的增大,50%LEL影响范围逐渐减小。各种风速条件下,装置区和罐区CH4的浓度均未达到50%LEL,因此LNG储罐发生翻滚事故时,放空气不会形成爆炸性气氛。     

液化天然气与石油气的泄漏保护

液化天然气(LNG)和液化石油气(LPG)的蒸气与空气形成的混合气体非常容易起火燃烧,如果防火堤内的大型液化气储罐发生意外泄漏,就会导致一场十分危险的火灾.液化天然气和液化石油气在常温常压下是气体,平时储存在极低的温度下,例如液化天然气储存在-164?C左右,液态比气态的体积要小,很显然,这会使生产、储存、运输和销售更容易、更经济.     

LNG储罐火灾和爆炸事故树分析

对引起液化天然气储罐发生火灾、爆炸的因素进行系统分析,建立以LNG储罐火灾、爆炸为顶事件的事故树,并进行事故树分析,得到影响顶事件的各阶最小割集。利用二次计算的方法,更加精确地计算底事件的结构重要度系数,确定了影响储罐事故的主要因素,为提高LNG储罐的安全性和运行可靠性,提出相应的改进措施。     

道化学安全评价法在LNG储罐安全评价中的应用研究

液化天然气(LNG)做为清洁能源近年来在我国得到广泛应用,随着LNG加气站建设规模日益扩大,发展合理的安全评价方法对LNG加气站选址与安全评估具有重要的现实意义。为此,首先利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了围堰尺寸与风速对LNG泄漏扩散的影响规律,在此基础上对道化学评价方法进行改进,并利用改进后的模型对立式LNG储罐进行了分析。研究结果表明:储罐泄漏扩散的范围随着围堰尺寸的增大而增大,随着风速的增大而减小,这种变化规律在进行评价时应充分予以考虑;通过规定围堰尺寸补偿系数C_k与风速补偿系数C_c,改进道化学评价方法,使其在LNG储罐安全评级的应用中更准确灵活。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。