海北高寒草甸返青期土壤温度与水分动态变化

分析青藏高原高寒草甸返青期土壤水分和温度的变化以及相互关系是理解高寒草甸生态系统变化的重要基础。为明晰青藏高原祁连山东部高寒草甸返青期的土壤温度与水分变化规律,选择祁连山东部海北高寒草甸为试验区,以实地测试与方差、相关及回归分析相结合的方法研究了海北高寒草甸返青期土壤分层水分和温度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)观测期内,高寒草甸整个返青期表层0 cm及地表以下5、15、30、60和120 cm土壤各层平均温度分别为10.47、4.11、3.28、1.76、0.80和0.51℃,表层0 cm地温受气温变化影响最为显著;返青早期各层土壤温度均稳定于0℃左右,返青中期各层土壤温度迅速增加,返青中后期自上而下不同土壤层温度逐渐降低;(2)表层、中层和深层土壤平均含水量分别为17.3%、20.6%和20.9%,中层和深层土壤水分含量较小;表层土壤含水量波动剧烈,在整个返青期呈逐渐下降趋势,中层和深层土壤含水量连续增加,波动范围小;(3)高寒草甸土层0~15 cm的土壤体积含水量与土壤温度呈显著负相关,随土壤平均温度增加,土壤体积含水量逐渐降低;15~30、30~45和45~60 cm较深层土壤含水量与土壤平均温度呈显著正相关,随土壤深度增加其相关性也随之增强。该研究可为理解青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的变化规律和变化过程提供参考依据,对高寒草甸的保护及可持续利用也具有重要意义。     

夜间增温和施肥对亚高山针叶林土壤呼吸的短期影响

开展土壤呼吸对全球气候变化的响应研究对预测全球碳循环具有重要作用.采用红外辐射加热器模拟增温结合外施氮肥的方法,研究川西亚高山针叶林两种主要树种幼苗——云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abiesfaxoniana)土壤呼吸动态变化对增温和施肥的短期响应.结果表明:在试验处理期间(2008年9月～2009年7月),空气平均温度和5 cm土壤平均温度分别比对照提高了2.03℃和4.10℃.两种幼苗样地土壤呼吸速率在各处理下都表现出明显的季节和日动态.增温对两种幼苗土壤呼吸速率的影响总体表现为促进作用,而施肥处理则表现为抑制效应.但两种幼苗土壤呼吸对增温和施肥处理的响应又存在一定的差异,且与季节密切相关.增温使云杉幼苗土壤呼吸年通量在非施肥和施肥条件下分别增加了22.30%和8.82%,而使冷杉土壤呼吸速率年通量分别仅增加了4.85%和4.45%.两种幼苗在各处理下土壤呼吸速率与地下5 cm土壤温度之间具有显著的指数关系.增温和施肥处理均提高了两种幼苗土壤呼吸速率的Q10值,但云杉幼苗土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应比冷杉更为敏感.总之,不同树种土壤呼吸特征对全球气候变化的响应差异进一步增加了对该区森林碳源/汇功能预测的不确定和复杂性,其内在机理有待进一步深入研究.     

3种典型道路景观林对诸城市夏季小气候条件的影响

为了探寻不同道路景观林的小气候效应,以山东省诸城市龙柏(Sabina chinensis cv.Kaizuca)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)和杨树(Populus)3种典型道路景观林为研究对象,于2014年7月24—30日,分别在林内、林中和林外进行小气候要素观测,研究了3种典型道路景观林对夏季小气候条件的影响。结果表明,3种道路景观林与空地相比,在各时间段均显著降低了太阳辐射强度,其中侧柏道路林降低最明显,降低了85.56%。道路景观林内空气温度的日变化呈现先升高后降低的趋势,空气湿度的变化趋势与其相反,其中龙柏道路林空气温度在13:30最高(32.6℃),17:30处于最低水平(26℃),说明道路景观林在一定程度上具有降温增湿的作用。道路景观林调节空气负氧离子方面差异较大,以空地为对照(689ind·cm~(-3)),龙柏道路林空气负氧离子浓度增至1 017 ind·cm~(-3),侧柏道路林和杨树道路林则显著降低,分别为333 ind·cm~(-3)和350 ind·cm~(-3),白天中各时间段3种道路景观林及空地之间的负氧离子浓度差异显著。相关性分析表明,道路林的郁闭度能显著影响林内小气候,其中太阳辐射强度、空气温度、土壤温度与道路景观林郁闭度存在显著的负相关关系。综合分析显示,道路景观林对城市道路土壤有一定的改良作用,侧柏道路景观林能显著降低土壤温度和土壤紧实度,显著提高土壤湿度;龙柏道路景观林能显著提高空气中负氧离子浓度,对局地空气质量有所改善。     

芦芽山林线附近华北落叶松茎干生长特征及其与环境因子的关系

分别于7月15H～8月7H(夏季期)和9月5日～10月9H(秋季期),在山西芦芽山林线附近,应用树木径向变化记录仪(Dendrometer)分别测量了3株和4株华北落叶松树干的径向生长过程,并同步监测环境因子.结果表明:1)华北落叶松茎干变化在晴好天气呈现出有规律地波动式上升,在阴雨天气下则表现为持续上升,降雨结束后迅速下降;2)茎干变化在7～8月观测期内与土壤含水量、空气温度正相关,在9～10月观测期内与土壤含水量正相关,与土壤温度、空气温度负相关;3)径向净生长在夏季期为正,在秋季期为负,在9月初先下降,在9月中期后基本保持为0;4)在两个观测期内,径向净生长与空气温度负相关,与土壤含水量显著正相关.图5表5参21     

湘南红壤丘陵区稻田土壤氮素供应特征的研究

采用淹水嫌气培养法测定了２０、２５和３０℃下红壤稻田氮的释放规律,结果表明,土壤氮矿化量随温度升高而增加,Ｑ１０平均为３．１;土壤供氮量是有效累积积温的函数．可用方程Ｎ＝ｋ[(Ｔ－Ｔ０)ｔ]ｎ来很好的描述(式中Ｎ为土壤氮矿化量,ｋｇ/ｈｍ２;Ｔ０为有效温度＝１５℃,Ｔ为土壤温度;ｔ为时间ｄ;ｎ、ｋ为拟合常数)。根据测定的周年水田耕层土壤温度,将这一方程用于估测田间条件下土壤氮供应量,在湘南早稻生长期间(４月２０日－７月２０日)为１２０ｋｇ/ｈｍ２,在晚稻生长期间(７月２０日－１０月３０日)为１４０ｋｇ/ｈｍ２。     

盐城海滨湿地不同盐沼土壤呼吸特征及温度响应

测定了盐城海滨湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)盐沼、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼和碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐沼土壤呼吸速率,结合盐沼土壤室内培养实验,比较3种盐沼土壤呼吸特征及温度响应。结果表明:(1)实验期内3种盐沼土壤呼吸均为CO_2排放状态,芦苇盐沼、互花米草盐沼和碱蓬盐沼土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为323.67、499.51和150.41 mg·m~(-2)·a~(-1)。3种盐沼土壤呼吸均呈现明显的季节性差异,由高到低依次为夏季、春季和秋季。(2)野外实验中,3种盐沼土壤呼吸出现峰值时的土壤温度由高到低依次为芦苇盐沼(28℃)、互花米草盐沼(22℃)和碱蓬盐沼(20℃)。室内培养条件下,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关(P0.05),对温度变化的敏感性由大到小依次为芦苇盐沼(2.19)、碱蓬盐沼(2.15)和互花米草盐沼(1.58)。(3)实验期内3种盐沼土壤呼吸累积排放量由大到小依次为互花米草盐沼(3 400 g·m-2·a-1)、芦苇盐沼(2 330 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))和碱蓬盐沼(1 082 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),不同季节累积排放量由大到小依次均为夏季、春季和秋季。     

华南退化生态系统三种典型生态恢复模式的小气候效应研究

为了评价南亚热带典型退化生态系统典型生态恢复模式的小气候调节效应,从而为退化生态系统生态恢复方式和造林树种的选择提供参照,作者在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的3种典型生态恢复模式样地,自然恢复草坡、马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）、马占相思林（Acacia mangium）中安装了HOBO小气候仪,对光辐射、风速风向、降水、土壤含水量、地温、气温等小气候指标进行为期1年的自动观测,并进行了对比分析,结果表明,（1）华南退化生态系统3种典型生态恢复模式具有不同的小气候效应,在林间温度调节方面,人工林和草坡的平均林间温度相差不大,但草坡的最低、最高温度均比人工林低和高。人工林的林间温度变化较草坡小,具有更好的保温调节作用。对比2种人工林,不管是平均温度还是最高温度马占相思林都略大于针叶林,而二者最低温度相差不明显。针叶林的保温调节作用略优于阔叶的马占相思林;（2）在土壤温度方面,地表温度全年基本都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,草坡的地表温度的波动远大于2种人工林;全年20 cm土壤温度3─12月都表现为草坡〉马占相思林〉针叶林,1─2月相反,草坡20 cm土层的土壤温度波动相对较大,人工林的波动很小。（3）3种恢复模式中,自然恢复草坡的辐射强度明显高于2种人工林,年辐射总量分别马占相思林和针叶林的1.9和5.8倍,马占相思林的年辐射量为针叶林的3倍。人工林,特别是乡土的针叶林能给林下生物构建更为稳定、适中的辐射环境。（4）人工林的平均林间风速、最大阵风风速均少于草坡,针叶林的风速小于阔叶林,针叶林降低风速的效果好于相思林和草坡。（5）人工林的林间相对湿度均高于草坡,针叶林的林间空气湿度略大于相思林,针叶林的保湿效果更好。在退化生态系统恢复过程中?     

贵州喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式土壤CO_2体积分数变化及影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式对土壤剖面CO2体积分数的影响,采用气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区土壤不同深度空气CO2体积分数进行观测。结果表明：不同土地利用对土壤平均CO2体积分数影响较大,其次序为：次生林（0.35%±0.06%）〉草地（0.34%±0.05%）〉人工林（0.27%±0.03%）〉农田（0.16%±0.03%）。次生林、草地与农田之间土壤CO2体积分数差异性显著,而人工林与农田之间无显著性差异。不同土地利用方式土壤剖面CO2体积分数的时空变化特征比较一致：从春季到夏季逐渐增加而从秋季到冬季又逐渐降低,与该区域的温度和降雨量变化趋势一致。同时随着土壤剖面深度增加CO2体积分数逐渐增大,但在土层12 cm处有突然降低现象（农田除外）。不同土地利用方式土壤空气CO2体积分数变化与大气、土壤温度密切相关（r=0.602~0.886,P〈0.05）,土壤温度升高会导致土壤CO2体积分数上升。土壤湿度虽然也在一定程度上影响了剖面CO2体积分数,但相关性分析表明二者之间并不显著（r=0.105~0.393,P〉0.05）,说明在贵州喀斯特地区,土壤温度对土壤空气CO2体积分数的影响大于土壤湿度。     

模拟增温对青海省玉树州称多县高寒草甸土壤水分的影响研究

三江源区具有重要的水源涵养功能,该区土壤水分的时空分布和变化对当地及周边地区的生态系统和气候调节有重要意义。为了解未来三江源草地土壤生态系统变化趋势,探究土壤温度和水分对模拟增温的响应规律,利用温湿度自动记录仪实时监测记录,分析了青海省玉树州称多县高寒草甸模拟增温条件下土壤温度和土壤水分的变化规律及冻融转换期土壤温度和水分的相关性。结果表明,(1)模拟增温条件下,0—5 cm和15—30 cm土层的土壤温度分别增加了2.50℃和1.36℃,对表层土壤(0—15 cm)的增温效果更加明显,且增温改变了不同土层解冻期和冻结期的长度。(2)0—15 cm和15—30 cm土层的土壤水分分别增加了0.07%和0.09%,15—30 cm土层的土壤水分的增幅大于0—15 cm土层,并且呈现出生长季变化波动大、非生长季变化波动小的规律。(3)在0—15 cm土层中,冻结期与解冻期,土壤温度和土壤水分均存在正相关关系(P0.01);在15—30 cm土层中,冻结期土壤含水量随着温度的增加呈现显著上升趋势。     

土壤温湿度对北京大兴杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-cor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统,对北京大兴杨树人工林(欧美107,Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")土壤CO_2释放通量、土壤温度和水分进行了为期1年(2007)的定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T_S)和土壤含水量(w)对土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,具有明显的白天高,夜间低的规律.非生长季土壤呼吸速率较低,自5月份土壤呼吸速率上升,8月份达到最大值.(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,用指数模型解释全年过程中土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的能力为69%.在低温段(<0℃)土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高而下降,而在土壤温度>0℃条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度表现为正相关.土壤呼吸速率随土壤含水量上升表现出先升高后降低的趋势,三次方程模拟表明土壤水分的贡献率为33%,而当土壤含水量低于9.5%时,土壤水分的贡献率上升到51%.(3)土壤温、湿度共同作用于土壤呼吸,在不同含水量区间土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应程度不同:在4%～10%土壤含水量范围内.土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数模型的R~2达到0.86,而在土壤水分较高或较低时,其相关系数仅为0.6.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因素,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤含水量的影响作用相对加强.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性受土壤温度区间和水分区间的综合影响,用指数模型模拟土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不能很好的模拟土壤湿度的作用,所以单一模型并不是描述土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的共同影响的最优模型,而多种模型复合的数学模型有待进一步研究.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.