镉、铬复合污染水源水的处理技术研究

重金属引起的给水污染是威胁人体健康的元凶首恶之一,也为传统给水处理工艺提出更大的挑战.本文以强化混凝沉淀的方法处理铬、镉复合污染的水源水,旨在通过优化原工艺应对突发污染.研究表明,针对铬和镉的初始污染浓度分别为0.170 0 mg/L和0.030 0 mg/L的复合污染水源水,采用分段工艺,只需在原水的pH值的条件下,投加混凝剂(FeCl3)20.0 mg/L,混凝剂(PAFC)的投加量为2mg/L,出水即可以达到国家出水标准.处理过程模拟水厂现有工艺,无需新增设备,易于操作.     

零价铁-四钛酸钾晶须处理铀矿山废水

以四钛酸钾晶须作为处理材料去除废水中的铀,考察了四钛酸钾晶须投加量、溶液pH值、铀初始质量浓度、反应时间和温度等因素对去除效果的影响。结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH=8.0、反应时间为120 min的条件下,四钛酸钾晶须对初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的含铀废水中铀去除率达97.4%。在此基础上开展零价铁和四钛酸钾晶须联合处理含铀废水研究,二者在实验所设的8种投加量情况下均可将初始铀浓度为100 mg/L的废水降至GB 23727—2009《铀矿冶辐射防护和环境保护规定》规定值0.05 mg/L以下。在增加投加量的基础上,二者联合处理,可使铀浓度约为50 mg/L的实际铀矿山废水中铀含量降至0.1 mg/L左右,去除率达99.8%。     

锐态型纳米TiO_2光催化处理含镉废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锐态型纳米TiO2,用XRD、SEM对粉体进行表征。在紫外光的作用下将自制纳米TiO2光催化处理废水中的Cd2+。考察反应时间、pH值、废水负荷、催化剂用量等因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明:纳米TiO2光催化处理含镉废水的去除率高,含镉废水pH值、废水负荷、纳米二氧化钛浓度以及反应时间等因素影响含镉废水去除率。在优化的处理条件中:废水镉浓度为30mg/L,纳米TiO2投加量为3mg/L,含镉废水的pH为10,反应时间为2.5h,废水中镉的去除率可达99.52%。     

化学沉淀法处理葫芦岛锌厂含镉废水的研究

采用化学沉淀法对葫芦岛锌厂含镉废水进行处理,分别考察了反应pH值、添加絮凝剂种类、反应时间、沉淀剂种类等因素对模拟含镉废水处理的影响,并在最佳条件下对葫芦岛锌厂含镉废水处理进行了研究。结果表明,采用化学沉淀法处理含镉废水时的合适pH值为11;当采用浓度为5%的FeSO4作为絮凝剂,浓度为10%的Ca（OH）2作为沉淀剂时,对含镉浓度为20mg/L的模拟含镉废水的最佳沉淀时间为15min;对含镉浓度为1200mg/L的实际废水处理后废水中镉离子浓度平均值为0.086mg/L,可以实现达标排放。     

巯基重金属捕集剂脱除电镀废水中低浓度Ni的效能及机理研究

以某电镀厂经Na2S预处理后的废水作为研究对象,选用Na OH、Na2S和有机巯基类化合物(EDTC)作为重金属捕集剂,对废水中低浓度Ni进行深度脱除.通过处理效果对比,最终选用EDTC作为Ni理想的捕集剂,重点考察了加药方式、p H、EDTC投加量、反应时间、PAC投加量及不同含Ni电镀废水对Ni去除效果的影响并探讨了EDTC去除Ni的机理.结果表明,Ni初始浓度为6.41 mg·L-1时,最佳工艺条件依次为:p H为7.0,EDTC投加量为摩尔比nEDTC/nNi=4,反应时间为15 min,PAC投加量为100 mg·L-1,PAM投加量为2.5 mg·L-1,此时出水Ni2+浓度为1.08 mg·L-1,去除率达83.15%.在此基础上,针对3种不同含Ni电镀废水,经EDTC处理后Ni去除率均在80%以上,部分废水出水Ni2+浓度低于0.1 mg·L-1,达到了《电镀污染物排放标准(GB21900-2008)》中关于Ni污染物特别排放限值的要求(0.1 mg·L-1).红外光谱图和有机元素分析结果表明,EDTC与Ni会发生螯合反应,即EDTC巯基中硫捕捉Ni2+并趋向成键,生成难溶的螯合产物,从而有效地去除废水中Ni.     

利用莱茵衣藻去除污水中氮磷的研究

对莱茵衣藻去除废水中氮磷的性能进行了研究,考察了初始氮磷浓度、氮磷比、光照条件、pH值和细胞固定化等因素对去除效率的影响.结果表明,莱茵衣藻对氮磷的去除率在初始氮磷浓度分别在55 mg·L-1和7 mg·L-1以下时接近100%,但初始氨氮浓度进一步升高至75 mg·L-1以上时会导致氨氮去除率急剧下降至50%.当氮磷比为5∶1和10∶1时,衣藻在3 d内完全吸收水体中的氨氮,而当氮磷比为25∶1时则需要6 d;3种氮磷比下衣藻基本上4 d内能完全去除水体中的磷.2种光照条件下(L/D为24 h∶0 h和12 h∶12 h)衣藻对氮磷的去除率都能达到100%,但L/D为24 h∶0 h时的去除速率更快.衣藻去除氮磷的最适pH范围为6～7.藻细胞固定化后对氨氮的去除能力显著提高,在初始氨氮浓度为75 mg·L-1时去除率由游离细胞的50%提高到100%;对磷的去除率不变,但速率有所减慢.     

树脂吸附法处理采矿塌陷区废水的研究

文章采用ND-90型超高交联吸附树脂吸附处理采矿塌陷区废水.原废水COD质量浓度为200～230mg·L-1,经沉淀-树脂吸附法处理,处理量20BV,吸附流出液COD质量浓度为40～50 mg·L-1,COD去除率≥80.23%,树脂经过碱液脱附后可重复利用且运行稳定.该处理工艺投资少、操作简便,为解决采矿塌陷区水体修复问题提供了一种新的方法.     

固定化菌体吸附矿山废水中重金属的研究

研究了固定化菌体对矿山废水重金属的吸附性能.结果表明,固定化菌体对重金属有良好的富集性能,投加15g·L-1的固定化菌体,对100 mg·L-1 Cu、50 mg·L-1 Zn的去除率分别可达94.4%、80.6%.废水pH、菌体投加量对固定化菌体的处理效果影响较大,其最佳值分别为3.5、15 g·L-1.经4轮吸附-解吸循环实验,显示固定化菌体可重复利用3次,固定化菌体在使用第3次时,对100 mg·L-1 Cu、50mg·L-1 Zn的去除率分别为67.4%、46.5%.用固定化菌体的流化床工艺处理废水最佳参数为曝气量4.02 L·min-1,处理2h.用固定化菌体的流化床工艺处理矿山废水取得了较好的效果,对于浓度低于10 mg·L-1的重金属,去除率达到了100%,对浓度为579.2 mg·L-1 Fe的去除率也达到了56.6%,表明该工艺具有较好的工业化前景.     

超声技术强化处理制革废水中的有机物

采用超声波强化混凝沉淀法处理制革废水,考察了超声波的作用时间和施加方式、混凝剂投加量等因素对降低废水中有机物的影响.实验结果表明:只用超声波作用废水60s,COD去除率为40.6%;混凝剂总浓度为100mg/L时COD去除率最高;先施加超声波60s,再投加混凝剂,COD去除率最高可达73.2%,比不用超声波时提高10%以上.因此,超声技术用于混凝沉淀法处理制革废水有明显的强化作用.     

PAC和PAFC对内循环连续砂滤器处理石化二级出水的影响

采用PAC（聚合氯化铝）和PAFC（聚合氯化铝铁）作为絮凝剂,探讨不同絮凝剂及其投量对于内循环连续砂滤器处理效果和滤料板结潜在趋势的影响.结果表明,PAC和PAFC投量由5mg/L升至30mg/L时,COD和SS的去除率随着投加量的增大均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势.10mg/L为试验水质下的最佳投量,在该投量下,PAC对SS和COD去除率为分别为49.7%和12.9%;PAFC对SS和COD去除率分别为50.6%和13.8%.内循环连续砂滤器主要去除的是相对分子量在3k以上的溶解性有机物,但对相对分子量1k以下的溶解性有机物去除效果不好,总DOC去除率低于5%,需进一步深度处理以满足最新的排放标准.PAFC混合液比PAC混合液黏度低,有利于缓解滤料板结.总体来看,更适合于石化二级出水的混凝剂为PAFC,最佳投量为10-15mg/L,可保障对SS高效去除同时并使内循环连续砂滤器运行更加稳定.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.