物料衡算法在第一次全国污染源普查工业源污染物排放量核算中应用的探讨

物料衡算法是污染源普查技术规定的污染物排放量核算方法之一,但对物料衡算法的方法技巧缺乏深入全面的归纳和总结,难以为基层污染源普查人员所掌握运用。在分析存在问题的基础上,结合排污量的核定的实践,总结出进行物料衡算的一些技巧,并提出通过策略性的手段,提高调查数据可信度的观点。     

循环流化床锅炉污染物排放量的环评计算

在常用燃煤锅炉污染物排放量计算经验公式的基础上，结合循环流化床锅炉中石灰石与二氧化硫反应的原理，推算出其污染物排放量及排放浓度的计算公式，并对锅炉污染物排放量的环评计算提出了原则性的建议。     

同时考虑监测和物料衡算的环境保护税税基核定方法

2018年开始实行的环境保护税政策旨在保护和改善环境,减少污染物排放,而税基核定的准确性直接关系着环境保护税的政策效果。通过比较以在线监测数据核算的和以物料衡算核算的J市A钢铁厂SO_2排污费,探索环境保护税税基核定的方法。研究发现:2014年,J市A钢铁厂监测得到的SO_2排放量为364.91t,被征收的排污费为43.79万元;根据物料衡算得到的SO_2排放量为4 626.00t,其应缴排污费为584.46万元。排污申报数据存疑的原因是高炉虚设排污口。为确保环境保护税税基核定的准确性,设计了一种同时考虑监测和物料衡算的环境保护税税基核算方案。     

乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单

通过现场调研结合物料衡算法、排放因子法,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物CO、NO_x、SO_2和PM_(2.5)排放清单。结果表明,2015年乌鲁木齐市CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)的排放量分别为4.41×10~4、6.20×10~4、4.61×10~4、1.57×10~4t;从排放污染物的行业来看,采矿与制造业对4种污染物排放的贡献最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为49.02%、42.17%、48.40%、78.55%。从地区分布来看,米东区污染物排放量最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为46.99%、45.90%、51.69%、29.68%。从排放时间来看,供暖季污染物的排放量明显高于非供暖季,白天的污染物排放量高于夜晚。采用蒙特卡罗统计法分析预测的污染物排放量与排放清单计算结果较为接近。     

基于反向传播-向量评价遗传算法模型的燃煤电站锅炉燃烧多目标优化

基于MATLAB智能工具箱对某300MW电站锅炉进行燃烧优化。利用反向传播(BP)神经网络分别建立了锅炉热效率和NO_x排放预测模型,用以预测锅炉热效率和NO_x排放特性。锅炉热效率预测的校验样本相对误差平均绝对值为0.210 0%,NO_x排放量预测的校验样本相对误差平均绝对值为2.410 0%,表明模型具有良好的准确性和泛化性。借助向量评价遗传算法(VEGA)优化模型得到锅炉热效率和NO_x排放量的优质解集合。300 MW负荷下锅炉热效率优质解集合为92.93%~93.64%,NO_x排放量优质解集合为367~413mg/m~3;270 MW负荷下锅炉热效率优质解集合为92.26%~93.56%,NO_x排放量优质解集合为360~416mg/m~3。研究结果对实际的电站锅炉燃烧具有一定的指导意义。     

SCR脱硝在燃煤电厂超低排放中的适用性分析

通过流场模拟、化学动力学计算、并结合物理实验,全过程研究SCR反应器内烟气组分的动量/能量/质量传递及脱硝还原反应,计算在不同入口NO_x浓度下SCR出口NO_x和氨逃逸的排放量及空间分布,确定SCR在NO_x超低排放要求下的适用范围。研究结果表明,为实现NO_x50 mg·Nm~(-3)并同时满足NH_32.28 mg·Nm~(-3)的要求,2层SCR催化剂可处理的入口烟气NO浓度上限为240 mg·Nm~(-3),而3层SCR催化剂则可对NO浓度380 mg·Nm~(-3)的烟气实施超低排放治理,为合理选择SCR超低排放设计方案提供了数据支撑。     

活性粉末脱硝剂制备及其催化还原NO_x性能

采用熔化分散冷凝法微胶囊技术以蜂蜡为壳材包覆高锰酸钾作为活性添加剂,铵盐、干燥剂、活性添加剂和助燃剂以100∶25∶2∶1的比例混合制备粉末脱硝剂,将其喷入模拟烟气中进行催化还原NO_x实验并确定了最佳反应条件:当模拟烟气流量为4.8 m~3·h~(-1),反应温度600~900℃,氨氮物质的量之比1.15∶1,活性添加剂质量分数1.5%,进口烟气NO浓度为500 mg·m~(-3)时,NO_x转化率最高,可达90%以上。活性粉末催化还原NO_x反应温度窗口宽、NO_x转化率高,投资低,有望适应我国中小型燃煤锅炉脱硝需求。     

多循环CCRs法在分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2方面的应用

随着温室效应和全球变暖的加剧,煤燃烧所排出的CO2作为引起温室效应的主要气体而引起人们的密切关注.由于燃煤锅炉所排放的尾气中所含的CO2的体积份额低、排放量大,而且处于微负压状态,因此目前控制和分离吸收CO2的方法,包括各类吸收法、吸附法、膜分离法和O2/CO2燃烧技术等,能够经济可行地适用于电力工业燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2分离的方法非常少.与上述各类方法相比,钙基吸收剂CCRs(calcination/carbonation reactions)法是一种新兴的经济可行的分离燃煤锅炉尾部烟气中CO2的方法.对采用该法时,吸收剂的选择、吸收剂在多次CCRs过程中结构特点的变化、提高吸收剂对CO2的吸收容量以及防止吸收剂反应性的衰减等方面进行了详细的阐述.     

中国燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的发展前景

本文在综述我国燃煤中小型锅炉和电站锅炉烟气脱硫技术现状的基础上，分析了我国燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的发展前景．分析结果指出：我国中小型燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术近期是以完善湿法脱硫技术为主，远期将大力发展干法脱硫技术；在电站锅炉烟气脱硫方面，规模较小的电站锅炉将以喷雾干燥法为主要发展方向，大型电站锅炉近期仍以湿式石灰石－石膏法为主，远期将大力发展电子束辐照氨法脱硫脱硝技术。     

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术

燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术种类较多.本文综合评述了各种烟气NOx污染等离子体治理技术,重点介绍了电晕放电脱除烟气中NOx的最新研究成果.对燃煤锅炉烟气NOx污染治理技术的研究和开发具有实用价值.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.