我国青少年犯罪的原因与预防对策

犯罪是当今世界所共同面临的社会问题.当今我国青少年犯罪呈逐年上升的趋势.如何有效地预防青少年犯罪,已经成为全社会不容忽视的问题.笔者对青少年犯罪现状、特点和原因进行研究,并提出预防和减少青少年犯罪的对策.参7.     

加强思想道德教育预防高职学生犯罪探讨

寻求有效的预防高职学生犯罪的对策是研究高职学生犯罪问题的出发点和根本目的．只有通过对犯罪特点的正确分析,找出高职学生犯罪的规律性,才可能采取有针对性的预防高职学生犯罪的相应对策．因此,对高职学生犯罪特点的分析是该文论述的核心问题,对高职学生犯罪预防的对策思考则是该文的落脚点．表1,参6．     

我国农村流动人口犯罪控制论

目前,我国流动人口犯罪率居高不下,严重危及着社会的安定,已成为社会各界关注的热点和解决的难点问题.流动人口犯罪的主要表现特征为主体的复杂性,犯罪的团伙性、流窜性、侵财性等.相对剥夺论是流动人口犯罪一种可行的理论阐释,有助于深化我们对流动人口犯罪的理解.加强和完善政府职能是控制流动人口犯罪行之有效的应对措施.     

论赌博对青少年的危害及预防对策

近年来赌博违法活动日益猖狂,对社会和国家造成极大的危害,特别是网络赌博成为新的赌博形式后,对青少年的危害非常之大.本文从青少年参与赌博的原因和造成的危害出发,提出预防青少年赌博的方法和对策,希望对遏制赌博起抛砖引玉的作用.     

环境污染物的毒性

环境毒理学主要研究进入环境的污染物种类、数量、状态、毒性,以及对机体妁损害和利用机理、迁移转化规律和对生态环境的影响。其中污染物的毒性研究是很重要的一个基础部分。 环境污染物毒性的研究除急性毒性、亚急性毒性外,还要注意蓄积毒性和慢性毒性,特别是遗传毒性。近年来,对致畸、致突变和致癌性的研究非常重视,井建立了许多新的检测方法。     

OPAHs对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性预测

含氧多环芳烃(OPAHs)是化石燃料不完全燃烧或多环芳烃化学氧化、光化学氧化和生物氧化形成的一类新污染物.迄今,已有许多OPAHs在环境中被检出,一些OPAHs具有发育毒性、致突变性和致癌性.但是,仍有很多OPAHs缺少毒性数据.定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)可以预测OPAHs的毒性,以减少昂贵、耗时、费力的毒性测试....     

大学生道德认识与道德实践分离及对策

随着改革开放和社会主义市场经济建设不断深入,德育工作面临许多新的情况、新的问题.本文分析了当代大学生道德认识与道德实践分离的现象及原因,探讨了当代大学生实现道德知行合一的途径,使得爱国奉献、服务社会、爱岗敬业、诚实守信、创新进取等一系列基本道德规范和行为规范深入每一位大学生的日常生活和精神世界.     

当代公共生活面临的伦理困境研究

在当前中国社会转型时期,人们的生活方式、行为方式、价值规范和文化观念都发生了急剧的变化,使得公共生活产生了许多新的伦理问题,面临着新的伦理困境.主要表现在:一是"熟人社会"向"陌生人社会"转变,交往实践前所未有的拓宽了,信息交流产生不对称;二是社会公共生活在"情"和"理"之间矛盾增加;三是群己调适的问题凸显,在"群己"问题上更强调二者的合理性共存.参9.     

论当代大学生法律意识培育的内涵及阻却因素

大学生是知识水平比较高的群体,其法律意识的高低将直接影响着我国社会主义法治建设的进程,对他们进行现代法律意识教育旨在使其成为既懂专业知识,又有较强法律意识的新型知识分子;同时,这也是预防大学生犯罪,实现依法治校,建设和谐校园的需要．参7．     

网址要览

世界银行：污染法规新想法ｗｗｗ．ｗｏｒｌｄｂａｎｋ．ｏｒｇ／ｎｉｐｒ“污染法规新想法”（ＮＩＰＲ）是一个世界银行项目，提供关于工业污染控制的研究成果和计划设想的信息，并为其提供一个论坛．作为世界银行工业污染控制经济学研究计划的一部分，该网址的对象是研究人员、政府官员以及对了解和改善工业污染控制、尤其发展中国家的工业污染控制感兴趣的市民．它包括关于污染控制中各种角色例如政府、污染者和社区的作用以及市场经济的作用的简介，以及关于各个国家的简介．它也有许多键连接范围广泛的资源，从污染数据和模拟的技术性…     

Importance of deepening integration of crime and conservation sciences

Conservation crime is a globally distributed societal problem. Conservation crime science, an emerging interdisciplinary field, has the potential to help address this problem. However, its utility depends on serious reflection on the transposition of crime science approaches to conservation contexts, which may differ in meaningful ways from traditional crime contexts. We considered the breadth of crime science approaches being used in conservation as well as the depth of crime science integration in conservation. We used the case of sea cucumber (Holothuria floridana, Isostichopus badionotus) trafficking in Mexico as an example of why the interdisciplinarity of crime and conservation sciences should be deepened and how integration can help ideate new solutions. We first conducted a review of literature to capture the range of interdisciplinarity applications. We identified 6 crime science approaches being applied to the conservation contexts of illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; wildlife and plant crime; and illegal logging. We then compared this knowledge base to the case of illegal sea cucumber fishing in Mexico. We identified 5 challenges in the application of these approaches to conservation contexts: the relative diffusion of harms and victims in conservation crimes; scalar mismatches in crime, authority, and the conservation issue itself; interactions between legal and illegal networks; communities and their authority to define and control crime; and the role of natural science in the rule of law. Considering these 5 factors may enhance the depth of interdisciplinarity between crime and conservation sciences. Nurturing interdisciplinary crime and conservation science will expand innovation and help accelerate successful risk management programs and other policy agendas.     

Crime,weather, and climate change

This paper estimates the impact of climate change on the prevalence of criminal activity in the United States. The analysis is based on a 30-year panel of monthly crime and weather data for 2997 US counties. I identify the effect of weather on monthly crime by using a semi-parametric bin estimator and controlling for state-by-month and county-by-year fixed effects. The results show that temperature has a strong positive effect on criminal behavior, with little evidence of lagged impacts. Between 2010 and 2099, climate change will cause an additional 22,000 murders, 180,000 cases of rape, 1.2 million aggravated assaults, 2.3 million simple assaults, 260,000 robberies, 1.3 million burglaries, 2.2 million cases of larceny, and 580,000 cases of vehicle theft in the United States.     

敦煌地区生态问题的地质学探析

敦煌地区严重的生态环境退化问题,其根源在于对其产生的原因及其演变过程没有科学、统一的认识.尽管近年来政府及有关部门投入了大量的人力物力,采取了一些措施,做了一些研究,但效果并不明显,甚至有人提出将之与古楼兰衰退相提并论.该文认为,敦煌地区生态退化及其演变,无论是地下水位的下降、绿洲与湿地的萎缩等,都是地质科学领域的问题,需要运用地质学思维分析探讨.研究改善敦煌的生态环境退化和治理措施,必须从环境地质、生态地质学的理论和方法去解决.图1,参13.     

SO2的危害及其流行病学与毒理学研究

二氧化硫(SO2)是大气中最常见的污染物之一.SO2的大量排放使城市空气污染不断加重,对环境和人类健康造成了极大的危害.大量的流行病学研究表明SO2不仅可以引起呼吸系统疾病,而且对心血管系统,甚至生殖系统都会产生影响;毒理学研究也表明SO2对人和动物多种组织器官均有毒性作用,有些毒作用甚至比肺组织的改变还要严重,SO2是一种全身性毒物.而通过产生各种自由基引起器官组织发生氧化损伤作用可能是SO2毒作用的一种主要机制.     

Understanding complex drivers of wildlife crime to design effective conservation interventions

In conservation understanding the drivers of behavior and developing robust interventions to promote behavioral change is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach. This is particularly true for efforts to address illegal wildlife use, where pervasive—and sometimes simplistic—narratives often obscure complex realities. We used an indirect questioning approach, the unmatched count technique, to investigate the drivers and prevalence of wildlife crime in communities surrounding 2 national parks in Uganda and combined scenario interviews and a choice experiment to predict the performance of potential interventions designed to tackle these crimes. Although poverty is often assumed to be a key driver of wildlife crime, we found that better-off households and those subject to human–wildlife conflict and those that do not receive any benefits from the parks’ tourism revenue sharing were more likely to be involved in certain types of wildlife crime, especially illegal hunting. The interventions predicted to have the greatest impact on reducing local participation in wildlife crime were those that directly addressed the drivers including, mitigating damage caused by wildlife and generating financial benefits for park-adjacent households. Our triangulated approach provided insights into complex and hard-to-access behaviors and highlighted the importance of going beyond single-driver narratives.     

Combating the Illegal Trade in African Elephant Ivory with DNA Forensics

Abstract:  International wildlife crime is burgeoning in this climate of global trade. We contend that the most effective way to contain this illegal trade is to determine where the wildlife is being removed. This allows authorities to direct law enforcement to poaching hot spots, potentially stops trade before the wildlife is actually killed, prevents countries from denying their poaching problems at home, and thwarts trade before it enters into an increasingly complex web of international criminal activity. Forensic tools have been limited in their ability to determine product origin because the information they can provide typically begins only at the point of shipment. DNA assignment analyses can determine product origin, but its use has been limited by the inability to assign samples to locations where reference samples do not exist. We applied new DNA assignment methods that can determine the geographic origin(s) of wildlife products from anywhere within its range. We used these methods to examine the geographic origin(s) of 2 strings of seizures involving large volumes of elephant ivory, 1 string seized in Singapore and Malawi and the other in Hong Kong and Cameroon. These ivory traffickers may comprise 2 of the largest poaching rings in Africa. In both cases all ivory seized in the string had common origins, which indicates that crime syndicates are targeting specific populations for intense exploitation. This result contradicts the dominant belief that dealers are using a decentralized plan of procuring ivory stocks as they became available across Africa. Large quantities of ivory were then moved, in multiple shipments, through an intermediate country prior to shipment to Asia, as a risk-reduction strategy that distances the dealer from the poaching locale. These smuggling strategies could not have been detected by forensic information, which typically begins only at the shipping source.     

蒙古栎林生态系统的水分循环与养分循环关系

本文从群体水平上研究了蒙古栎林生态系统中的水分循环与养分循环的关系。结果表明,降雨是系统养分的重要输入。降雨对林冠的淋洗淋溶作用有助于养分的归还及缩短养分循环的途径。蒙古栎树干茎流量大,且其中含有的养分元素较多,从而使蒙古栎的根系能获得更多的水分与养分,有助于适应干旱、瘠薄的立地环境。径流是系统的水分输出,也是养分输出。蒙古栎林的下渗流约占整个径流的90％,且养分元素含量较低,从而有助于养分的积累。降雨在蒙古栎林内的分配格局不一,导致系统养分积累的明显差异。本文还探讨了干扰对养分循环与水分循环的影响。结果表明,采伐森林导致水分分配的变化,也使系统的养分发生亏损。只有把养分循环与水分循环结合起来,才能较完整地评价森林的生态功能。     

Who counts in evaluating the effects of air pollution policies on households? Non-market valuation in the presence of dependencies

Individuals who are likely to realize the largest benefits from improvements in air quality often depend on other members of their households to make time or monetary contributions to their care. The presence of these dependency relationships among household members poses challenges for benefit estimation since it is unlikely that the conditions necessary for recovering the underlying individual preferences from household choices are satisfied in this setting. We propose a conceptual framework that highlights the role of these dependencies in the choice models used to estimate the willingness to pay for environmental quality improvements. We design a complementary stated preference survey that describes hypothetical dependency relationships for household members of different ages to test the implications of our conceptual model. Respondents' stated choices take into account the proposed care-giving responsibilities for young children and teenagers but not for older adults.     

The Use of Certified Reference Materials in Environmental and Ecological Elemental Analysis

In the last decade the growth of environmental and ecological analytical chemistry has increased at an unprecedented rate. This can be witnessed by the numerous journals which have appeared covering all aspects of environmental pollution analysis in many interdisciplinary fields. Certainly, a lot of the analytical activity has been spurred by the everincreasing awareness and concern of pollution, be it of the air, natural waters, marine or soil environments. As a result of this governments in almost all countries in the world have invested a lot of time, money and human resources to its various agencies and universities in trying to identify and control these pollutants.