Fenton试剂预处理提高钻井废水可生化性

采用Fenton试剂预处理钻井废水,研究了Fenton反应中各影响因子对废水COD去除率、 BOD5/COD值的影响并分析其作用机制,确定了最佳条件,即初始pH为4.0, H2O2/Fe2 (摩尔浓度比, c∶c)＝20, H2O2/COD (质量浓度比, w∶w)＝1,反应时间为2 h.在该条件下,废水的COD去除率约为40%, BOD5/COD值从0.002～0.003提高至0.15～0.2,可生化性得到很大提高,为后续生物处理创造了条件.紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明,可生化性的改善主要是由于有机物的分子结构发生了变化.     

催化氧化法预处理苯胺类废水

用Fenton试剂催化氧化法预处理染化厂含苯胺类物质的废水。对影响废水中苯胺类物质去除率的各种因素进行了考察，结果表明，在常温下当废水中苯胺类物质的含量为800mg/L时，在pH为3．5、H2O2和Fe^2 用量分别为28mmol/L和2.8mmol/L的条件下，苯胺类物质的去除率可达98.0%，COD去除率达到76％，废水的BOD5／BODcr值由0提高到0.32，显著地提高了废水的可生化性。     

絮凝-光催化处理实际染料废水的研究

采用絮凝-光催化氧化工艺成功地处理了实际染料废水;研究了COD光催化降解动力学。COD和BOD5浓度分别为2169mg／L、295mg／L的染料废水,经絮凝-光催化处理后,出水COD和BOD5分别为214mg／L、18．5mg／L,去除率分别为90．1％、93．7％。向光催化体系中加入H2O2,可促进COD与BOD5的去除。该工艺可处理高浓度染料废水。     

Fenton氧化处理垃圾膜滤浓缩液

本文以混凝预处理后的上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液纳滤浓缩液为研究对象,采用混凝预处理、Fenton氧化法和生化法相结合的工艺对其进行处理,将其出水COD从2930 mg·L~(-1)降至100 mg·L~(-1)以下.采用响应曲面法研究了Fenton氧化法处理经过混凝预处理纳滤浓缩液过程中,各个影响因素之间的相互作用关系,并确定了最佳实验条件,即FeSO_4·7H_2O投加量为62.5 mmol·L~(-1)、H_2O_2投加量为121.8 mmol·L~(-1)、初始pH 3.0.在此条件下,Fenton氧化法可使混凝预处理出水的COD降低39.0%.进一步研究表明,Fenton氧化后纳滤浓缩液中芳香环类污染物减少、腐殖化程度降低.经过3 h的Fenton氧化法处理后,BOD5/COD从纳滤浓缩液原液的0.02上升到0.29.将垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液Fenton氧化法处理后出水与垃圾填埋场渗滤液的纳滤出水1∶1混合,进行序批式活性反应器(SBR)处理,在水力停留时间为2 d时,出水COD可降低至96.0 mg·L~(-1).     

甲醇工业废水处理回用作循环冷却水研究

首次采用(A1/O1)/(A2/O2)厌氧水解酸化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化/缺氧生物接触氧化—膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化塔—混凝沉淀—活性炭过滤—二氧化氯消毒处理工艺集成系统处理含甲醇工业废水。在进水后先设厌氧水解调节池以大幅提高废水可生化性,再用膜微孔曝气生物接触氧化好氧处理去除废水中大部分COD。然后用兼氧细菌接种缺氧处理去除废水中部分COD,并提高废水的可生化性。再用好氧内循环曝气生物塔处理去除废水中剩余的COD。处理工艺系统以生物降解有机物为主,后设配套的活性炭深度处理工艺,以确保整个处理工艺出水满足要求。在原水水质为含甲醇0.03%～5%(质量分数,下同),pH6～10,SS为30～100mg·L-1,CODcr为200～500mg·L-1条件下,处理系统出水达到冷却塔循环用水标准和要求,满足工业循环冷却水的需要。     

Fenton试剂预处理H酸废水的影响因素及其可生化性

采用Fenton度剂预处理低浓度难降解的H酸废水,探讨了pH,Fe^2 ,H2O2,反应时间和H酸浓度对废水CODcr去除效果的影响,结果表明,各因素对废水CODcr去除效果影响较大,对CODcr为810mg.l^-1的H酸废水,Fenton试剂预处理的最佳条件;pH为5.5,3%H2O2的观加量为5%,10g.l^-1FeSO4的投加量为7%,反应时间为90min,此条件下CODcr去除率为55.3%-58.7%,可生化值CODB/CODcr从6.3%-6.7%上升到62.2%-68.4%。     

煤加压气化废水混凝-Fenton氧化法预处理与谱图分析

煤加压气化废水中含有多种难降解有机物,其成分因原煤性质和气化工艺的不同而复杂多变,属于难处理工业废水,目前主要的处理方法有臭氧氧化法、活性炭吸附法、Fenton试剂法、超声空化效应等,文章综合比较各种方法的优缺点,针对煤加压气化废水的特点,利用不同类型的无机混凝剂和Fenton试剂对气化废水进行了混凝-Fenton法处理,并确定了最佳处理条件。在最佳条件下,COD、BOD5、氨氮、挥发酚和色度的平均去除率分别达到81.27%、76.87%、72.45%、86.42%和99.9%,BOD5与COD的比值由0.34提高到0.45。在对处理前后的废水的液-质联用谱图分析得知,处理后苯酚的去除率约为97.6%左右。结果表明煤加压气化废水经过混凝-Fenton法联合处理后出水能达到国家标准,并且成本相对较低,具有广阔的实际应用前景。     

微波催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的正交试验

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭与Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液,并通过正交试验考察了微波辐射时间、pH、活性炭用量、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量对处理效果的影响.结果表明:pH对处理效果的影响最大,其次为活性炭用量、微波辐射时间、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量;在100 mL水样中,最佳处理条件为活性炭2 g、H2O20.2 mL、硫酸亚铁0.834 g、pH 6、微波辐射时间10 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD去除率达到75.36%.     

垃圾渗滤液的Fenton氧化预处理研究

采用Fenton氧化法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,考察了渗滤液初始pH值、H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O投加量、H2O2/Fe2＋投加的物质的量比及氧化反应时间等对Fenton氧化处理效果的影响,获得Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺条件：初始pH=3.0,H2O2投加量为5.0 mL.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为3.48 g.L-1,H2O2/Fe2＋物质的量比为4-1,反应时间为1.5 h。最佳条件下处理后垃圾渗滤液COD为5 220 mg.L-1,COD去除率达57.8%。凝胶渗透色谱和三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中主要含有腐殖酸类大分子物质,经Fenton氧化后降解变成小分子化合物。     

采用Fenton试剂处理废水中难降解的苯胺类化合物

本文采用Fenton试剂处理废水中难以降解的苯胺类化合物,实验结果表明:(1)添加KMnO_4溶液的量对COD和TOC去除率有一定的影响;(2)p-甲氧基苯胺与Fenton试剂反应速度很快;(3)九种苯胺类化合物经反应后,COD去除率为70—80％,TOC去除率为60—70％;(4)苯胺类化合物的结构对COD和TOC的去除有一定影响;(5)p-甲氧基苯胺的苯胺经反应后BOD_5值可以增大,有利于生物降解。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).