水体重金属-有机物复合污染的协同处理技术研究进展

重金属离子与有机污染物可以通过多种方式共同存在于水体环境中,形成复合污染.本文在简述重金属-有机物复合污染的来源和相互作用机理的基础上,详细阐述了现有的协同处理技术的研究和应用现状,分析了各种技术的原理、效果、优势以及缺陷,为进一步开发新型协同处理技术提供参考,对水体污染的防治具有积极意义.     

水体重金属-有机物复合污染的协同处理技术研究进展

重金属离子与有机污染物可以通过多种方式共同存在于水体环境中,形成复合污染。本文在简述重金属-有机物复合污染的来源和相互作用机理的基础上,详细阐述了现有的协同处理技术的研究和应用现状,分析了各种技术的原理、效果、优势以及缺陷,为进一步开发新型协同处理技术提供参考,对水体污染的防治具有积极意义。     

上海地区磷肥工业氟污染的情况调查

通过对上海几个磷肥厂氟化物的排放情况及其对外界环境污染程度的调查证明,工厂周围的大气、水、土壤和植物的含氟量都发生了不同程度的变化,并对人、畜的健康也有某些影响。为确保环境的生态平衡,对磷肥厂的氟化物污染提出了几点综合性治理的建议。     

环境中微塑料的污染现状及潜在生物效应研究进展

微塑料（MPS）作为一类新兴污染物广泛分布于全球环境介质中,近年来引起了人们的关注。介绍了微塑料的来源、分类,以及其在我国河流、湖泊、海洋、土壤、大气等环境介质中的赋存现状和分布特征研究进展。此外,微塑料因其粒径小、比表面积大、难降解、具有生物富集效应及可能缓慢释放有毒单体化合物等性质而具有潜在的环境危害,可经呼吸道、消化道及皮肤进入生物体内并累积在组织器官中,产生毒性反应,对生命体健康造成威胁,其潜在环境效应已成为国内外研究的热点对象之一。梳理了微塑料对动植物和微生物产生的潜在生态毒性效应和环境危害,提出加强微塑料污染的应对措施和建议,旨在提高人们对环境微塑料污染危害的认识。     

环境中VOCs的污染现状及处理技术研究进展

综述了近十年来大气环境中挥发性有机物(VOcs)的污染现状及其主要处理技术的研究进展.介绍了目前大气环境中VOCs的主要处理技术(包括吸附、冷凝及膜分离等回收技术和燃烧、等离子体、光催化降解和生物降解等销毁技术)的适用条件、经济性、可操作性和净化效率.提出要对VOCs的吸收和生物降解的反应动力学模型、催化机制、材料的性能及微生物活性进行深入研究的建议.     

中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法

中华人民共和国主席令《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》已由中华人民共和国第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议于2020年4月29日修订通过,现予公布,自2020年9月1日起施行。中华人民共和国主席习近平2020年4月29日第四十三号(1995年10月30日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过2004年12月29日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议第一次修订根据2013年6月29日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国文物保护法〉等十二部法律的决定》第一次修正根据2015年4月24日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国港口法〉等七部法律的决定》第二次修正根据2016年11月7日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国对外贸易法〉等十二部法律的决定》第三次修正2020年4月29日第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议第二次修订)。     

环境样品中砷分析方法的进展

本文总结了1985年以来在国内外主要刊物上所发表的有关环境样品中砷分析方法的研究和应用情况,内容包括可见分光光度法、原子吸收光谱法、电化学分析法、原子发射光谱法和其它分析方法。     

环境重金属污染的生物指示作用

针对指示生物在环境重金属污染监测、评价与防治中所起的指示作用与研究现状,介绍了有关指示生物的基本理论,分析了常见指示生物对土壤、水和大气环境重金属污染的指示作用。提出了选择合适的指示生物是发挥其对重金属污染指示作用的关键。最后,提出了指示生物对环境重金属污染指示作用的局限性及对策。     

土壤与地下水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物的污染现状与修复进展

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFAS)是一类人工合成的难降解化合物,在工业品和消费品中应用广泛。PFAS具有多种毒性,可对土壤和地下水造成污染,进而威胁人类健康,目前已受到广泛关注。本文综述了土壤与地下水中PFAS的来源、迁移途径和污染现状,详细介绍了各项土壤与地下水中PAFS修复技术的研究进展,在此基础上,对今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

头孢类抗生素生产废水污染与处理现状

分析了头孢类抗生素生产废水的污染现状,指出了废水的来源及主要特征.介绍了目前常用的头孢类抗生素废水处理技术:物化处理技术和生物处理技术,其中厌氧(缺氧)-好氧组合工艺是处理高浓度头孢类抗生素废水的主要方法,提出了头孢类抗生素企业的污染防治对策.     

环境中有机汞的监测

介绍了大气、水、沉积物、生物体等环境介中有机汞的监测方法，并对不同的监测方法进行了比较和评述。     

液相色谱-质谱法测定水中氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢物

建立了直接测定水中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢物的超高效液相色谱-质谱分析方法。该方法对水样无需进行富集处理,水样过滤后就可以直接测定。实验结果表明:测定液中各氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢物的质量浓度与离子对峰面积在质量浓度0.5～1 000.0μg/L内具有良好的线性关系;方法检出限为0.1～5.0μg/L;加标回收率91%～103%;相对标准偏差为2%～5%。该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高的特点。     

锑在水中的形态变化及除锑技术现状

介绍了锑在水中的形态变化方式,如由固态锑到离子态锑的转变、锑离子的水解、锑的生物甲基化等,阐述了含锑废水的处理技术如吸附法、沉淀法、中和法等的优缺点,并指出高效、环保、廉价除锑吸附剂的开发和对锑甲基化转化过程的探讨是今后研究的重点.     

Study of Pollution of the Plitvice Lakes by Water and Sediment Analyses

The process of eutrophication in form of intense plant growth has been observed in some lakes and water streams at the Plitvice Lakes National Park in central Croatia. Here we investigate whether this phenomenon is a consequence of anthropogenic pollution or due to naturally produced organic matter in the lakes. We applied chemical analysis of water at two springs and four lakes (nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trace elements) and measurements of surface lake sediments (mineral and organic fraction analyses, trace elements) in four different lakes/five sites. The chemical composition of water does not indicate recent anthropogenic pollution of water because the concentrations of most trace elements are below detection limits. The concentrations of DOC and nutrients are slightly higher in the area of increased eutrophication-plant growth. Also the content of organic matter in the sediment is at the highest level in areas with highest C/N ratio indicating that the organic fraction of this sediment is mainly of terrestrial origin. There is no significant difference among the trace element concentration in the upper segment of all cores, deposited approximately during last 50 years when higher anthropogenic influence is expected due to development and touristic activity, and the lower part of the cores, corresponding to the period approximately 100–200 years before present. The content of trace elements and organic matter in sediments decreases from the uppermost lake downstream. According to our results there is no indication of recent anthropogenic pollution in water and sediment. Higher concentrations of DOC in water as well as phosphorus and some other elements in the lake sediment can be a consequence of input of natural organic matter to the lake water.     

The Relationship Between the Chemical Structure of Poly(alkylene glycol)s and Their Aerobic Biodegradability in an Aqueous Environment

The relationship between the chemical structure of poly(alkylene glycol)s (PAGs) and their biodegradability was studied using a set of polymeric fluids that included poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), random copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) differing in the EO/PO ratio as well as PAGs capped with ether or acyl moieties. The PAGs that were tested had an average molecular weight (MW) in the range of 350–3,600 Da and differed in their polymer backbones by either linear (diol type) or branched (triol type) molecules. The ultimate biodegradability of the PAGs was determined according to ISO 14593 (CO₂ headspace test) with a non-pre-exposed (as in OECD 310 test) and pre-exposed (adapted) inoculum. PAGs with the structure of PPG and copolymers of EO/PO of diol or triol structures with average molecular weights lower than 1,000 Da can be considered as readily biodegradable. Their ultimate biodegradation exceeds the limit of 60 % (according to the criteria of the OECD 310 test). PAGs with a copolymer structure and MW values ranging between 1,000 and 3,600 Da are not readily biodegradable, but they can be considered as those of inherent ultimate biodegradability. The increased EO content in PAG structures and the acylation of the terminal hydroxyl groups with carboxylic acids favourably influenced their biodegradability. Capped PAGs containing terminal ether groups appeared to be resistant to biodegradation.     

氰化钠泄漏污染调查及治理方案技术分析

对洛阳市洛宁县“11．1”NaCN泄漏污染吉家洼金矿下游麦张沟河道土壤CN^-残存量进行了布点、采样、化验;对提出的CN^-残存量治理方案,从CN^-的可氧化性、挥发性及生物降解性进行论述;对CN^-的挥发衰减做了模拟试验,结果令人满意。     

Application of Dispersion Modelling for Analysis of Particle Pollution Sources in a Street Canyon

The dominating source of particles in urban air is road traffic. In terms of number concentration, its main contribution is within the range of ultrafine particles (Dp < 100 nm). The dispersion conditions, i.e. transport and dilution, of the submicrometer particles are expected to be like for gases and therefore the particle concentrations in a street canyon can be calculated using gaseous pollutants dispersion models. Such processes, like coagulation or condensation, are less important due to the short residence time within the street canyon environment.Two extensive measuring campaigns were conducted in the street Jagtvej in Copenhagen, Denmark. The particle size distributions were measured by a Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA) coupled to a particle counter, providing high time resolution data (1/2 hourly) on a continuous basis. Measurements of NO_x, CO and meteorological parameters were also available. The measured particle number concentrations, especially below 100 nm, reveal very similar dependence on the meteorological conditions as the NO_x concentrations. This underpins the conclusion that dilution properties are similar for particles and NO_x. For particle sizes over 100 nm, somewhat different behaviour is observed. This points toward existence of additional particle sources, not related to traffic emissions within the street canyon. A significant contribution is believed here to be attributed to long-range transport. The total particle emission from traffic, including daily variation and size distribution, has been calculated using the OSPM dispersion model. Results are in accordance with a previous analysis based on statistical modelling.     

Air Pollution Zones and Harmful Pollution Levels of Alkaline Dust for Plants

For characterisation of landscapes in north-eastern Estoniaaffected by alkaline oil shale fly ash and cement dust the zonation-method based on average annual (C _y) and short-termconcentrations of pollutants in the air was used, as well as on deposition loads of dust and Ca²⁺. In the overground layer of atmosphere the zones with different air pollution loads were distinguished. A comparative analysis of pollution zones characteristics and biomonitoring data revealed that for sensitive lichen the dangerous level of alkaline dust in the air, introducingthe degradation of Sphagnum sp. at the level of C _y of dust 10–20 g m^-3 and at 0.5–1 hr maximums 100–150 g m^-3. For Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) this limited concentration (decline of growth parameters) of cement dust is correspondingly following: 30–50 g m^-3 and 150–500 g m^-3, in case of fly ash the limit level of C _y amounting 100 g m^-3. Daily deposition load of Ca²⁺ should not exceed approximately 4.5–15 mg m^-2 for lichen; for conifers the harmful pollution load is higher – >22 mg m^-2.