超高石灰铝法处理酸性矿井水的实验研究

酸性矿井水成分复杂、产量大,是严重的矿山环境问题,也是处理难度大的污废水体。采用超高石灰铝法,通过分别投加Ca O和Na Al O2对实验室配置的模拟酸性矿井水进行处理。实验分析溶液p H值、药剂投药比、初始浓度以及反应温度等因素对氯离子和硫酸根去除率的影响。结果表明,当Cl-的质量浓度为2 500 mg/L,SO2-4质量浓度为1 500 mg/L时,搅拌温度40℃,投加Ca O和Na Al O2的量分别为4.0 g和1.0 g,滴加Na OH调节p H值为10,搅拌15 min,Cl-,SO2-4去除率分别为87.9%,96.0%。     

酮连氮法制肼废水处理研究

针对酮连氮法制肼生产过程中产生的高盐废水,采用化学沉淀和次氯酸钠氧化两种方法联合处理.结果表明:调节废水pH=9.0,以MgCl2.6H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O为沉淀剂,n(Mg2+)∶n(NH4+)∶n(PO43-)=1.2∶1.0∶0.9,NH4+-N去除率为96.8％;再向废水中投入次氯酸钠溶液,其加入量为废水量的1.3％～1.6％时,可使废水CODCr从1 650 mg/L降至63.2 mg/L,无机铵质量浓度为0,总铵质量浓度为1.8 mg/L.经两步处理后的废水可用于一次盐水.     

电催化氧化降解水中磺胺嘧啶的研究

为了解并优化电化学方法对水体中磺胺类药物的去除效果,以Ir O2-Ru O2/Ti为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,Na2SO4为电解质,电催化氧化降解模拟废水中的磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SD),反应时间为240min。探讨了SD初始质量浓度、电流密度、p H值、电解质浓度及电极板间距对电催化降解SD效率的影响,并利用HPLC-MS分析降解产物。结果表明,电催化氧化可有效去除水中的SD。升高初始质量浓度、电流密度、极板间距可提高SD降解速率,初始质量浓度由15 mg/L升高到50 mg/L时,去除率降低了9.2%;电流密度从5 m A/cm2升高到15 m A/cm2,去除率增加了38.1%,电流密度大于15 m A/cm2时其对去除率的影响不明显;极板间距由2 cm增加到4 cm,去除率增加了12.2%;酸性条件降解效果最好,碱性对SD去除率略有抑制,p H值为1和13相比于p H值为7时去除率分别增加9.9%及降低4%;电解质浓度(≤0.05 mol/L)与SD降解速率呈负相关,电解质浓度大于0.05 mol/L时,对去除率影响不明显。降解主要基于·OH的氧化过程,生成4-(2-氨基嘧啶-l(2H)-基)苯胺中间产物,过程遵循一级反应动力学模型。     

氯苯对球形红细菌的毒性效应研究

研究不同质量浓度氯苯对光合细菌球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)生长和脱氢酶活性的影响.结果发现,当氯苯质量浓度达到80 mg/L时,即可抑制球形红细菌的生长;当氯苯质量浓度增加到1 000 mg/L时,球形红细菌的生长被完全抑制.球形红细菌脱氢酶活性随氯苯质量浓度增加而明显降低.在此基础上进一步运用化学品对水生生物急性毒性实验的标准方法研究了氯苯对球形红细菌的毒性效应.结果表明,氯苯对球形红细菌生长的安全质量浓度(最低可见效应质量浓度LOEC)为40 mg/L.抑制球形红细菌生长的96 h-EC50为346.7 mg/L.氯苯与球形红细菌的质量浓度-效应方程为y=11.1459-2.416x,R2=0.989 7.对该质量浓度-效应方程进行χ2检验表明,结果符合精度要求,计算出的96 h-EC50真实可靠.     

Cd2+胁迫对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响

为了解不同质量浓度的Cd2+对水生动物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和脂质过氧化的影响,以文蛤为研究材料,采用室内模拟试验的方法,依据Cd2+对文蛤96h半致死质量浓度(LC50),设置4个Cd2+胁迫组,胁迫质量浓度分别为0.41 mg/L( 1/32LC50)、0.82 mg/L(1/16 LC50)、1.65 mg/L(1/8 LC50)、3.30 mg/L( 1/4LC50),并设置对照组,每组3个平行.研究不同质量浓度的Cd2+对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:文蛤鳃组织SOD活性在0.41 mg/L和0.82 mg/L胁迫下,试验前期(0～48 h)呈现诱导效应,试验后期(48～96 h)呈现抑制效应,其余胁迫质量浓度在试验过程中均对文蛤鳃组织SOD活性呈现抑制效应;CAT活性在低质量浓度(0.41 mg/L)胁迫下出现阶段性抑制效应,接着呈现诱导-抑制过程,中高质量浓度在整个过程呈现诱导-抑制的过程;经过96h的胁迫试验,各胁迫组文蛤鳃组织中MDA含量显著上升(p＜0.05),Cd2+对MDA的诱导作用显著且存在剂量-效应关系.     

Fenton氧化技术处理硝基苯废水的实验研究

利用Fenton试剂法对硝基苯废水进行处理,采用正交实验和单因素实验研究H2O2用量、Fe(Ⅱ)浓度、pH值和反应时间等4个主要因素对氧化效果的影响,确定反应的最佳工艺条件为:当Fe(Ⅱ)质量浓度为50 mg/L,pH值在5.7左右,H2O2质量浓度为300 mg/L,反应50 min,体系中硝基苯去除率可达到94%以上,COD去除率可达36.52%.另外,深入研究其他过渡金属离子如Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)等对Fenton氧化反应过程的影响,结果发现Mn(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ) 作催化剂更有利于COD去除率的提高,且Mn(Ⅱ)/H2O2体系的反应溶液色度最小.     

好氧微生物在硝基苯污染河水原位修复中的应用

在好氧条件下,从长期受硝基苯污染的化工厂排污口底泥和河道底质中分离得到3株对硝基苯有明显降解作用的优势微生物.为了比较这些优势菌的降解效果,作了硝基苯初始质量浓度分别为50 mg/L、25 mg/L、12.5 mg/L、6.25 mg/L、3.13 mg/L等不同梯度下的模拟修复实验,并且检验了单一菌与混合菌的降解能力.实验结果表明:当硝基苯初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,优势菌作用不明显,硝基苯的去除主要依靠自然挥发作用;当硝基苯初始质量浓度为3.13 mg/L时,混合菌对硝基苯的降解能力较强,72 h的去除率达到99%,而此时空白对照(CK)的去除率仅为60%.分析实验结果得到,混合菌可能存在协同作用;由于产物中未检出NO2-,所以硝基苯降解途径中可能存在部分还原历程.     

铜、镉对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响

以(鱼免)鱼(Miichthys miiuy)幼鱼为研究对象,研究了Cu2 和Cd2 对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响.以6个Cu2 浓度(0.01 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L和0.8 mg/L)和6个Cd2 浓度(0.005 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L)对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼进行8 d染毒.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 各处理组(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随取样时间的变化显著(P＜0.05),且呈峰值变化,在1 d时达到最大值,然后缓慢下降,最后各处理组酶活力趋于稳定.两种重金属离子对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响在同一取样时间各处理组间的差异也显著(P＜0.05),其影响程度与重金属的浓度呈负相关,且Cd2 浓度为0.4 mg/L时,在第8天酶活力与对照组的差异不显著(P＞0.05).Cu2 和Cd2 在1～8 d对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的诱导率表现为Cu2 ＞Cd2 .低浓度组Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,(鱼免)鱼肝组织中SOD活性变化在短时间内不明显(P＞0.05),但随着时间的延长,SOD活性提高,与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05),导致"毒物兴奋效应".高浓度Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,随着时间的延长和浓度的增强,肝组织SOD的活力抑制越明显(P＜0.05).     

表面活性剂对土壤中多环芳烃菲洗脱作用的比较研究

采用静态平衡法,比较研究了在水-土体系中,阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水山梨脂肪酸脂醇醚(TW80)和阴-非混合表面活性剂(SDS-TW80)对天然黄土中菲的洗脱作用,考察了振荡时间、水士比、无机盐和土壤种类等因素对洗脱作用的影响.最佳振荡时间为60min.表面活性剂质量浓度小于4 000mg/L时,按洗脱效率从大到小排列为:TW80、W(SDS):W(TW80)=1:3、W(SDS):W(TW80)=1:1、W(SDS):W(TW80)=3:1、SDS;表面活性剂质量浓度为4 000～10 000mg/L时,菲的去除率不随表面活性剂质量浓度的增大而改变.水土比为20:1(L/g)时,洗脱效率最好.加入不同的无机盐对洗脱效率影响不同,尤以Ca2 、Mg2 鞍为突出.土壤类型对菲的洗脱效率也有影响.研究结果可为表面活性剂淋洗修复技术提供参考.     

双区式MEC处理低C/N比轻度污染废水研究

以异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌为主体,构建了微氧-缺氧双区式微生物电解池MEC(R1),并以缺氧单区MEC(R2)作为对照组,采用连续进水方式,研究其对低C/N比轻度污染废水的脱氮处理效果及微生物强化机制。结果表明,在进水COD 70～80 mg/L、TN质量浓度35～40 mg/L、电流3m A、溶解氧(DO)质量浓度0. 5～1. 0 mg/L的条件下,连续运行约1个月后,R1出水COD、TN质量浓度即可达到一级A排放标准;当C/N比为2～5时,R1出水TN质量浓度为(4. 90±1. 08)～(14. 50±0. 133) mg/L,COD为(8. 20±2. 36)～(12. 53±5. 03) mg/L,均达到了一级A标准,硝化-好氧反硝化及弱电强化作用是脱氮和COD去除的主要途径。高通量测序分析结果表明,R1中细菌多样性虽与R2相当,但细菌丰富度明显大于R2;而且,R1中的贫营养硝化反硝化菌属Zoogloea丰度明显大于R2,且含有自养型反硝化菌属Moheibacterm、好氧反硝化菌属Ferruginibacter和Denitratisoma及可为反硝化提供聚β-羟丁酸的Plasticicumulans菌属。研究表明双区式MEC可有效处理低COD、低TN、低C/N比的废水,且具有启动快的特点,具有良好的应用潜力。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。